Racial Profiling and Police Brutality Against Hispanics

Police brutality is hardly just a black issue, as  Hispanics all over the country increasingly face police abuse, racial profiling, and  hate crimes. Often this misconduct stems from  xenophobia and rising concerns about undocumented immigrants. Across the nation, police departments have made headlines for their mistreatment of Latinos. These cases have not only involved undocumented immigrants but also Hispanic Americans and permanent legal residents. In states as varied as Connecticut, California, and Arizona, Latinos have suffered at the hands of police in egregious manners. Latinos Targeted in Maricopa County Racial profiling. Unlawful detainment. Stalking. These are some of the inappropriate and illegal behaviors that officers in Arizona have allegedly engaged in, according to a 2012 complaint the U.S. Justice Department filed against the Maricopa County Sheriff’s Office. MCSO deputies  stopped Latino drivers anywhere from four to nine times more than other drivers, in some cases  only to detain them for long periods. In one instance, deputies pulled over a car with four Latino men inside. The driver hadn’t violated any traffic laws, but the officers proceeded to force him and his passengers out of the car and make them wait on the curb, zip-tied, for an hour. The Justice Department also detailed incidents where the authorities  followed Hispanic women to their homes and roughed them up. The federal government alleges that Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio routinely failed to investigate cases of sexual assault against Hispanic women. The aforementioned cases refer to police interaction with Latinos on the streets of Maricopa County, but inmates in the county jail have also suffered at the hands of law enforcement. Female prisoners have been denied feminine hygiene products  and called derogatory names. Hispanic male inmates have been on the receiving end of racial slurs and put-downs such as â€Å"wetbacks† and â€Å"stupid Mexicans.† Border Patrol Killings It’s not just local law enforcement agencies that have been accused of racially profiling Latinos and committing acts of police brutality against them, it’s also the U.S. Border Patrol. In April 2012, Latino advocacy group Presente.org launched a petition to raise awareness about the Border Patrol’s fatal beating of Anastasio Hernà ¡ndez-Rojas, which took place two years earlier. The group launched the petition after a video of the beating surfaced in hopes of pressuring  the Justice Department to take action against the officers involved. â€Å"If justice isn’t served for Anastasio, even when the video clearly shows injustice, Border Patrol agents will continue their pattern of abuse and lethal force,† the Presente team said in a statement. Between 2010 to 2012, Border Patrol agents were involved in seven killings, according to the civil rights group. LAPD Officer Found Guilty of Profiling Hispanics In an unprecedented move in March 2012, the Los Angeles Police Department determined that one of its officers had engaged in racial profiling. Which group did the officer in question target? Latinos, according to the LAPD. Patrick Smith, a white officer on the job for 15 years, pulled over a disproportionate amount of Latinos during traffic stops, the Los Angeles Times reported. He allegedly tried to conceal the fact that he’d so often targeted Hispanic drivers by misidentifying them as white on paperwork. Smith may be the first LAPD officer found guilty of racial profiling, but he’s unlikely the only one engaging in the practice. â€Å"A 2008 study of LAPD data by a Yale researcher found blacks and Latinos were subjected to stops, frisks, searches, and arrests at significantly higher rates than whites, regardless of whether they lived in high-crime neighborhoods,† the Times noted. Moreover, 250 allegations of racial profiling are made against officers annually. East Haven Police Under Fire News broke in January 2012 that federal investigators had charged police in East Haven, Conn., with obstruction of justice, excessive force, conspiracy and other crimes concerning their treatment of Latinos in the city. According to the New York Times, East Haven police officers, â€Å"stopped and detained people, particularly immigrants, without reason...sometimes slapping, hitting or kicking them when they were handcuffed, and once smashing a mans head into a wall.† They tried to cover up their behavior by targeting bystanders who witnessed and tried to document their illegal acts. They also allegedly tried to recover surveillance tapes from area businesses that captured their abuses on video.

Online Shopping Versus Traditional Brick-and-Mortar Shopping

Online Shopping Versus Traditional Brick-and-mortar Shopping Consumers are making purchases daily. There are a number of occasions and reasons prompting people to shop. Special occasions such as birthdays, anniversaries, and holidays all contribute to retail sales. Sustaining one’s daily life through purchase of food, clothing, personal hygiene products and cleaning products also contributes to the economy through commerce. How do most people like to shop? In recent years a new alternative to the traditional brick-and-mortar shopping, online shopping, has increased in popularity. â€Å"U.S. e-commerce sales grew from 72 billion U.S. dollars in 2002 to 228 billion U.S. dollars in 2010.† (â€Å"Online shopping,† n.d.,†¦show more content†¦This ensures a quick bargain without even having to get dressed to leave the house. People are able to shop for nearly anything while in their pajamas. Sometimes consumers just do not feel like going out and fighting the crowds to find the perfect birthday or wedding present. Blac k Friday is a prime example. Many people avoid all traditional brick-and-mortar shopping the day after Thanksgiving because of the overwhelming crowds and instead opt for Cyber Monday and enjoy shopping from the comfort of their own home, workplace, or mobile device. What if it is unrealistic to wait for a certain product? Even with expedited shipping, online shopping is not practical in certain situations. Even though all grocery shopping can be done online, what happens when a parent runs out of formula for their baby or need milk for their children’s cereal the next morning? Waiting anywhere from a day up to two weeks is not realistic. What happens when an outfit is bought online, and once it has been received the clothing it does not fit? Online shoppers must go through the return process and wait for the company to send out a new size or refund their money. In the traditional shopping setting, patrons are able to try on clothes and therefore eliminate having to exchan ge them because they do not fit. The possibility of receiving the wrong item altogether is much higher with online shopping than with traditionalShow MoreRelatedThe E Commerce Industry3776 Words   |  16 PagesIntroduction With a steady increase of time, effort, and money being poured into digital marketing over the past few years, one can only wonder what this means for the future of online exchange, or E-commerce. It is said that by 2016, the web will impact purchase decisions of sales totaling $2 trillion. This is over half of all retail transactions (van Bommel et.al.). 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Gender Socialization by the Toy Industry Free Essays

The message of gender socialization being imposed upon young children subliminally becomes quite obvious when one observes the Wal-Mart toy department from an unbiased viewpoint. Normally when I venture into the toy department, which is almost always against my will, I’m on a swift mission. Find a toy to reward my 3 year old nephew with after a good week of daycare and get the heck out of there. We will write a custom essay sample on Gender Socialization by the Toy Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, when you’re child free and walking the aisles, you become bombarded with gender driven propaganda. You enter an aisle that might as well say â€Å"For Boys Only† at the entrance. Taking a look around you see cars and trucks packaged in oversized, brightly or dark colored boxes splattered with images of little boys happily playing with the toy all over the box. You pass fire trucks, police cars, race tracks, cowboys, astronauts and construction toys, all clearly portraying them as â€Å"Boys Toys† so vividly all they’re missing is a button one can push that will shout â€Å"This is so not for girls! On a trip to the next aisle over you become overwhelmed by bright pink or pastel boxes, decorated with flower images or sparkly pictures of little girls playing with the toy. You pass Barbie with her plastic blonde hair and plastic blue eyes, next to her obviously less popular brunette friend, Teresa. Clearly this shows little girls what the â€Å"ideal gorgeous woman† should look like. Barbie shows a woman can conquer the world if she’s wearing the r ight outfit. She can be a CEO, flight attendant, lawyer, nurse, doctor, dancer, princess or astronaut and all she has to do is stand still, look pretty, have monstrously oversized breasts, and wear the right clothes. Who really wants their daughter to believe this is the ticket to success? You see the Easy Bake Oven with a big glossy picture of two young girls baking a small desert. You see tea sets and baby dolls and all you come to find is that girls are being subliminally trained they are to be subservient, attractive, domestic and beautiful. They should be demure, domestic, and trained to raise children. I left the toy section a little nauseous. As a child I was given Hot Wheels cars and Barbie’s. I had a black big wheel with flames on it and an Easy Bake Oven. I had an ant farm and a doll house next to each other in my childhood bedroom, and I think I turned out alright. It’s sad to see children’s genders being shoved down their throats by propaganda, especially now that we have male nurses and women in congress; however, pink is for girls and blue is for boys according to the advertising and toy industries, and I doubt that will ever change. How to cite Gender Socialization by the Toy Industry, Papers

Work Design Pilot at CERA Analysis

Question: Discuss about the Work Design Pilot at CERA Analysis. Answer: Introduction The evolvement of employments in the past was not arranged. The practice was for the administrator or supervisor to allot workers to undertakings and to arbitrarily aggregate assignments into employments. For instance, similar to carpentry, press twisting, electrical work, the substance of every exchange developed through convention and by start. In any case, mental writing on representative inspiration contains claims that the design of work, its substance and structure, influence both efficiency and worker inspiration and confidence. There have thusly been many methodologies and hypotheses to the design of works (Parker, 2014). Great work is profitable work. Work design can streamline inspiration, work fulfilment, execution, and advancement, and at last, hierarchical profitability. For instance, work design that improves utilization of worker aptitudes either through expanding undertaking assortment or ability use can be an essential wellspring of efficiency. Additionally, incorporating inspiration with work can build up a submitted and invigorated workforce. The way work is designed can influence worker push, engagement, fulfilment and safe working. Today's working surroundings is progressively mind boggling, obliging associations to juggle amongst control and adaptability. Control is required for consistency and cost effectiveness, yet in the meantime, adaptability is required for inventiveness and development (Chang, Wang Huang, 2013). Trends That Are Changing Work and Workplace The universe of work is quickly expanding. As a touch of association, Human Resource Management (HRM) must be set up to supervise impacts of changing universe of work. For the HR individuals it induces understanding the results of globalization, work-compel organized qualities, changing authority necessities, corporate scaling down, diligent change works out, re-manufacturing, the unforeseen work drive, decentralized work districts and worker duty (J. Cole, Oliver Blaviesciunaite, 2014). Globalization and its suggestions Business today does not have national cut-off points it extends everywhere. The rising of multinational organizations puts new fundamentals on human resource supervisor. The HR office needs to guarantee that the most ideal blend of representatives like information, limits and social versatility is accessible to handle general assignments (Cummings Worley, 2014). Work-drive Diversity Arranged qualities are fundamentally associated with the affiliation's key heading. Where arranged qualities thrives, the potential points of interest from better inventiveness and essential administration and more noticeable headway can be accumulated to manufacture affiliation's power (Martn Alczar, Miguel Romero Fernndez Snchez Gardey, 2013). Changing aptitude necessities Selecting and making talented work is basic for any association stressed over forcefulness, productivity, quality and managing a various work compel sufficiently. Corporate scaling down At whatever indicates an affiliation attempts delayer, it is trying to make more important capability. The initiate of downsizing is to decrease the amount of labourers used by the affiliation. Nonstop change programs Constant change programs focus on the whole deal thriving of the affiliation. It is a technique whereby an affiliation focuses on quality and creates a better foundation than serve its customers. Some other trends that can have an impact are: Re-designing work forms for enhanced profitability Albeit persistent change activities are certain begins in a large portion of our associations, they regularly concentrate on progressing incremental change. Such activity is naturally engaging the consistent and lasting pursuit to improve things. Unforeseen workforce An especially significant part of the forefront workforce is the unexpected labourers. Startling specialists are individuals who are routinely contracted for shorter time periods. They perform specific errands that every now and again require one of kind occupation aptitudes and are used when an affiliation is experiencing basic deviations in its work process. Decentralized work locales Work districts are getting progressively decentralized. Telecommuting capacities that exist today have made it doable for the delegates to be discovered wherever on the globe. With this potential, the organizations no longer need to consider arranging as a business near its work compels (Pries, 2013). Worker association For present associations to be productive, there are different agent consideration thoughts that radiate an impression of being recognized. These are assignment, participative management, work bunches, target setting, delegate get ready and empowering of agents. Approaches to Job Design To help Rachel Amaro analyse the status of jobs and its design at present four approaches are there that are proposed by Kramer et al. (2014): The motivational job-design approach This is the only approach that considers the social aspect of the job. This is the only approach that considers the social aspect of the job. Rachel has to check if the jobs permit freedom, independence, or discretion in work scheduling, sequence, methods, systems, fine manage, or different choices. To check the work design it is important to check if the work events themselves furnish direct, clear expertise in regards to the effectiveness of job efficiency. It is imperative to know if the different people in the group furnish understanding about the effectiveness of job performance. Rachel has to check if the job furnish for optimistic social interaction (corresponding to teamwork or co-worker assistance). To understand the job designs in practice, Rachel must check if the job responsibilities, specifications, and targets clear and exact or not. To understand the work design it is important to know if the job has a type of duties, tasks, and movements. Rachel must check if the job requires completion of an entire and identifiable piece of labour or not. In addition, it has to be checked if it gives the incumbent a chance to do a complete piece of work from starting to finish. She needs to check if the job requires an excessive stage of abilities, potential, and competencies. To understand the aspect of ability, she must look if the job requires a kind of forms of advantage, skills, and potential. To understand the tasks significance it is important to first understand if the job is huge and foremost when compared with different jobs within the organization. For growth, it is important to know if the job permits opportunities for learning and development in competence and talent. To look for chances of promotion provided to employees first it is important to know if there are possibilities for development to larger-degree jobs. Rachel has to check if the job provide for emotions of achievement and assignment accomplishment. She needs to check that the job perm it participation in work-associated determination making or not. As communication is an important aspect of organizational structure, Rachel must see if the job furnishes entry to critical communiqu channels and knowledge flows. Rachel needs to evaluate if the pay for the job is enough when put next with the job specifications and pay for identical jobs. Recognition is important, so she must check if the job provides acknowledgment and cognizance from others. As job security is an important aspect for employees, Rachel needs to see if the incumbents on this job have a high measure of job protection or not (Kramer et al., 2014). The mechanistic job-design approach Rachel has to see if the job is extremely specialized in terms of purpose and/or pastime. The instruments, methods, substances, and many others similar aspects used on this job extremely specialized in phrases of cause has to be productive and innovative at the same time. All the tasks have to be simple and basic for better comprehension. Rachel has to keep in check if the job requires the incumbent to do only one undertaking at a time or not require to do multiple movements at one time or in much short succession. It must be noticed if the job require moderately little ability and training time. It must be checked if the job requires performing the same endeavour or movements repeatedly. Spare time between events on this job is important. Rachel has to check if the various routine of this job automatic or assisted through automation (Kramer et al., 2014). The biological job-design approach The requirement of muscular strength has to be calculated. The requirements of the job regarding lifting weights must be measured. The requirements of the job regarding muscular endurance must be measured. It is important to check if the seating preparations on the job are sufficient or not. It is important to check if the workplace enable for all dimension differences between men and women in phrases of clearance, attain, eye top, legroom and so on. The requirements of the job regarding wrist movements and position must be measured. The office must be free from immoderate noise. The climate at the office must be comfortable in terms of temperature and humidity, and must be free of immoderate dust and fumes. Enough time for work breaks are the given the needs of the job. The requirement of shift work or excessive extra time has to be kept in check (Kramer et al., 2014). The perceptual / motor job-design approach The lights within the office ought to be enough and free from glare. The shows, gauges, meters, and computerized apparatus used on this job must be effortless and easy to use. The programs within the computerized apparatus for this job must be effortless and easy to use. The opposite apparatus (all forms) used on this job must be effortless and easy to use. The easiness of the broadcast materials used on this job is important. The workplace layout must be given consideration so that the employee can see and hear well amply to perform the job. The amount of awareness wanted to participate in this job needs to be calculated. The amount of expertise that the employee need to output on this job, in phrases of each action and conversation is an important aspect to be kept in mind. The quantity of information that ought to be processed, in terms of considering and drawback fixing has to be checked. The amount of expertise that must be remembered on this job has to be kept in checked. The s train level on this occupation is to be kept in mind. It is to be checked if the odds of monotony on this career justly minor (Kramer et al., 2014). Right Approach to Job Design Work design takes after business examination i.e. it is the going with venture after occupation examination. It goes for laying out and managing assignments, duties and commitments into a solitary unit of work for the accomplishment of specific targets. It is like way takes after the procedures and affiliations that are vital for the accomplishment of a specific occupation. In less troublesome terms, it infers the what, how much, what number of and the request of the attempts for an occupation/s (Britt et al., 2016). Work design fuses joining work commitments or content and certain capacities that are required to play out the same. It plots the occupation commitments plainly additionally help in pulling in the correct contender to the correct business. Energize it also makes the occupation look intriguing and particular (Alter, 2013). There are distinctive steps required in occupation design that take after an honest to goodness progression, those that were indicated before on. The progression is according to the accompanying: The endeavours that are required to be done and the errands that are a part of the occupation have to be checked. The way the endeavours are performed The whole part of the errands that are required to be done The course of action of playing out these assignments Each one of these request are away to confer upon a sensible importance of a specific occupation and thusly make it less unsafe for the one playing out the same. A particularly portrayed work stimulates assumption achievement among the agents and a sentiment high self-respect. The whole method of occupation design is wanted to address diverse issues inside the progressive setup, those that identify with ones depiction of an employment and the related associations. More especially the going with zones is balanced by: Checking the work over-burden Checking upon the work under load Ensuring assignments are not tedious in nature Ensuring that workers wear not stay confined Defining working hours plainly Defining the work forms plainly The previously mentioned are variables that if not dealt with come about into building worry inside the representatives. Benefits of Job Design for CERA The subsequent are the paybacks of a good job design: Worker Input: A staggering occupation design connects with an exceptional business criticism. Operators have the other alternative to complexity attempts as showed by their own specific and social needs, affinities and conditions in the workplace. Worker Training: Training is a basic piece of occupation design. Instead of the prudence of "allow them to sit unbothered work design lays due supplement on arranging individuals so that are especially aware of what their occupation requests and how it is to be finished. Work/Rest Schedules: Job design offers amazing work and rest organize by obviously portraying the measure of hours an individual needs to spend in his/her business. Similitude: A remarkable business designs thinks about adjustments for physically requesting jobs by minimizing the vitality spent doing the occupation and by modifying the work necessities for the same. Work design is a tireless and oftentimes impelling technique that is away to help operators bring off similitude with the overhauls in the workplace. A complete objective is lessening disappointment, upgrading inspiration and worker engagement at the workplace (Oldham and Fried, 2016). Innovative Performance of Organisations Practices that are associated with the innovative performance of organisations are: Superior work frameworks Monetary development, or all the more particularly, accomplishing an arrival on ventures, requires a coordinating workforce-improvement and workplace-advancement system. Names used to portray look into on this connection incorporate elite work frameworks, high-responsibility work frameworks, high-contribution work frameworks and superior human resource management. Utilization of IT IT speculations and IT applications are critical drivers of hierarchical advancement, contrasted with RD ventures, focusing on that IT is important for the development procedure of firms and the complementarity of IT-empowered non-specialized development to mechanical development alone. Nature of work Workplace advancement is advantageous to the nature of work of representatives. Higher profitability runs as an inseparable unit with better correspondence and higher employability, coming about because of both abatement in non-attendance and an expansion in social and professional capabilities. Execution Hierarchical execution, measured as a mix of an expansion in turnover, benefit and work profitability is fundamentally better in associations with more exercises in workplace development (Ceylan, 2013). A Survey of HR Professionals The remnants of British provincial lead still stay in India and the advancement of the Indian HRM work has reflected that of Britain, moving from an accentuation on staff towards a more vital HR part however with a more prominent accentuation on human resource improvement. Indian administrators reflect their Western partners in their choice of HRM practices that advance advancement in associations, with works on including preparing and improvement, execution evaluations, staff proposal plans. In any case, HRM rehearses stay less formal and less organized than those of Britain. Indian firms have a tendency to have high turnover rates and the request of high gifted work surpasses supply, expanding maintenance costs and making a more noteworthy concentrate on the advancement of ability management programs. At present, there is a more noteworthy accentuation on parent auxiliary arrangements in outside MNCs, something that Indian MNCs are less worried with. For the present, the Indian MNC s are plainly centredon overseeing execution from inside, and have set up inventive culture-building hones. Interestingly, remote MNCs are centredon keeping the harmony amongst parent and auxiliary and institutionalizing the HRM hones in different worldwide ranges. Remote MNCs likewise have a tendency to be aware of the cost and execution perspectives more than Indian MNCs (Jain, Mathew Bedi, 2012). CERA can take a leaf out of these practices and enhance innovativeness in their job design. References Alter, S. (2013). Work system theory: overview of core concepts, extensions, and challenges for the future.Journal of the Association for Information Systems,14(2), 72. Britt, T. W., Shen, W., Sinclair, R. R., Grossman, M. R., Klieger, D. M. (2016). How Much Do We Really Know About Employee Resilience?.Industrial and Organizational Psychology,9(02), 378-404. Ceylan, C. (2013). Commitment-based HR practices, different types of innovation activities and firm innovation performance. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(1), 208-226. Chang, W. J. A., Wang, Y. S., Huang, T. C. (2013). Work designrelated antecedents of turnover intention: A multilevel approach.Human Resource Management,52(1), 1-26. Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2014).Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Cole, R., Oliver, A., Blaviesciunaite, A. (2014). The changing nature of workplace culture.Facilities,32(13/14), 786-800. Jain, H., Mathew, M., Bedi, A. (2012). HRM innovations by Indian and foreign MNCs operating in India: a survey of HR professionals. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(5), 1006-1018. Kramar, R. et al., (2014).Human resource management in Australia: Strategy, people, performance. McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Limited. Martn Alczar, F., Miguel Romero Fernndez, P., Snchez Gardey, G. (2013). Workforce diversity in strategic human resource management models: A critical review of the literature and implications for future research.Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal,20(1), 39-49. Oldham, G. R., Fried, Y. (2016). Job design research and theory: Past, present and future.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,136, 20-35. Parker, S. K. (2014). Beyond motivation: Job and work design for development, health, ambidexterity, and more.Annual review of psychology,65, 661-691. Pries, L. (2013). Transformations in Work Organization and Labor Regulation.The Transformation of Employment Relations in Europe: Institutions and Outcomes in the Age of Globalization, 133. Belderbos, R., Carree, M., Lokshin, B., Sastre, J. F. (2015). Inter-temporal patterns of RD collaboration and innovative performance.The Journal of Technology Transfer,40(1), 123-137. Camisn, C., Villar-Lpez, A. (2014). Organizational innovation as an enabler of technological innovation capabilities and firm performance.Journal of Business Research,67(1), 2891-2902. Daniels, K., Le Blanc, P. M., Davis, M. (2014). The models that made job design. Freeney, Y., Fellenz, M. R. (2013). Work engagement, job design and the role of the social context at work: Exploring antecedents from a relational perspective.Human Relations, 0018726713478245. Gould-Williams, J. S. (2016). Managers motives for investing in HR practices and their implications for public service motivation: a theoretical perspective.International Journal of Manpower,37(5), 764-776. Liu, H., Fu, Y., Wang, X., Fang, Y. (2014, June). Empirical analysis of the relationship between HR professionals competency and enterprise performance. In2014 International Conference on Management Science and Management Innovation (MSMI 2014). Atlantis Press. Park, G., Spitzmuller, M., DeShon, R. P. (2013). Advancing Our Understanding of Team Motivation Integrating Conceptual Approaches and Content Areas.Journal of Management,39(5), 1339-1379. Pinder, C. C. (2014).Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press. Shantz, A., Alfes, K., Truss, C., Soane, E. (2013). The role of employee engagement in the relationship between job design and task performance, citizenship and deviant behaviours.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,24(13), 2608-2627.

The use of language Essay Example For Students

The use of language Essay By considering the use of language, how does Simon Armitage portray the importance of his mother, in Mother, any distance greater than a single span?  Armitage opens up his poem concerning the importance of his mother, suggesting a great importance to him. Mother, any distance requires a second pair of hands, instantly implies that his mother has always helped him, in any situation. He uses the phrase any distance, to represent all situations. This is further backed up by the next line, where he begins to explicitly names things to measure. Windows, pelmets, the acres, the prairies of floors, uses very large distances, when he talks about acres and prairies. This suggests that he views all situations as difficult tasks, such as measuring out an acre, without the help of his mother, reinforcing the importance of his mother. We will write a custom essay on The use of language specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In the next stanza, he uses an extended metaphor of a measuring tape, to represent various things. This first can be viewed as the measuring tape representing age and time. The phrase You at the zero-end, shows how his mother has been with him, since the beginning of his life; at time zero of his life, shown by unreeling years between us. As he grows older the length between his mother increases as he ages and so his age increases, similar to a length or distance. It also symbolises how he becomes more independent. As he grows older he relies less on his mother and so moves further away. The measuring tape is also representing an umbilical cord. Despite his growing independence, Armitage will always have a connection to his mother, which cannot be cut or severed, until he is ready, despite a growing independence. In the next line Armitage writes reporting metres, centimetres back to base, further reinforcing the importance of his mother. The line shows how despite a growing independence he always goes back to his mother, informing and updating her as his life goes on. The word base is also analogous to an army base, giving directions to soldiers. He implies that his mother is constantly there, giving directions to his own life. In the final line of the stanza, Armitage writes Anchor. Kite. This could refer to both his mother and himself. By referring to his mother as an anchor, he suggests that his mother has always been a stable point in his life, reinforcing her importance. However, he hints that she could be possibly holding him back, like an anchor does to a ship. This is further backed up by the use of Kite. By referring the kite to Armitage, it implies that he is ready to become fully independent and fly free, but his mother is holding him back, perhaps suggesting his mother isnt as important as he always thought. The next stanza begins with I space-walk through the empty bedrooms. The empty bedroom could be referring to his own, which becomes empty when he leaves his home, to move out, when he is older, or it could represent his new house, which he has moved in to. He implies that this is a strange, new and scary experience, by using space-walk, suggesting that it is a completely alien environment, like somewhere in space. He then proceeds to say climb the ladder to breaking point, where something has to give, referring back to this idea of him needing his independence and the hindrance of his mother. As he climbs further up, he moves away from his mother, but still has her as an anchor, connected by the measuring tape. However, there comes a point where the measuring tape can no longer be stretched and he is ready to become independent, but has a need to stay attached to his mother, emphasising her importance. However, when he says has to give, he realises that he cannot always depend on his mother and either he has to give up and never become independent, or his mother has to let go. In the next line he says two floors below your fingertips still pinch, showing how his mother is still trying to hold on to her son; never letting him become totally independent, suggesting a diminishing importance of his mother. .ucfc293fb3e17a46f7d250db8fdac6446 , .ucfc293fb3e17a46f7d250db8fdac6446 .postImageUrl , .ucfc293fb3e17a46f7d250db8fdac6446 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucfc293fb3e17a46f7d250db8fdac6446 , .ucfc293fb3e17a46f7d250db8fdac6446:hover , .ucfc293fb3e17a46f7d250db8fdac6446:visited , .ucfc293fb3e17a46f7d250db8fdac6446:active { border:0!important; } .ucfc293fb3e17a46f7d250db8fdac6446 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucfc293fb3e17a46f7d250db8fdac6446 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucfc293fb3e17a46f7d250db8fdac6446:active , .ucfc293fb3e17a46f7d250db8fdac6446:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucfc293fb3e17a46f7d250db8fdac6446 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucfc293fb3e17a46f7d250db8fdac6446 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucfc293fb3e17a46f7d250db8fdac6446 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucfc293fb3e17a46f7d250db8fdac6446 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucfc293fb3e17a46f7d250db8fdac6446:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucfc293fb3e17a46f7d250db8fdac6446 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucfc293fb3e17a46f7d250db8fdac6446 .ucfc293fb3e17a46f7d250db8fdac6446-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucfc293fb3e17a46f7d250db8fdac6446:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The language of misunderstanding EssayIn the last lines of the poem, he goes back to this idea of becoming totally independent and being able to fly. I reach towards a hatch to fall or fly, shows us that he has reached a critical point in his life; almost like a point of no return. He must make the decision of whether to become totally independent, but knowing the importance of his mother, he must also consider staying with his mother. However, by using the word fall, he suggests he does not want to rely on his mother anymore, so it seems he has already made his decision to become fully independent and fly. Throughout this poem Armitage constantly reinforces the importance of his mother, with ideas such as an umbilical cord and her being a stable base. However, he hints at ideas that his mother is actually holding him back, like a kite. When he says two floors below your fingertips, he shows us how it is not only his decision to become independent, but also his mothers decision to allow him and throughout the poem we can see him struggle between two states of mind; one being how he could never leave his mother, but on the other hand he needs to become independent as it is a natural progression in his life.

The process of industrialisation in Russia Essays

The process of industrialisation in Russia Essays The process of industrialisation in Russia Essay The process of industrialisation in Russia Essay The process of industrialising a country is usually a long and drawn out one, but during the late 20s Staling saw a need for a rapid industrialisation of Russia in order to bring it up to par with the remainder of Europe and the world. Although speeded up, the process took over 10 years, with the death of many. It began at the 15th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in December 1927, Joseph Stalin attacked the left by expelling Trotsky and his supporters from the party and then moving against the right by abandoning Lenins New Economic Policy, he insisted that urvival and development could only occur by pursuing the rapid development of heavy industry. The party, under Stalins direction, established Gosplan, a state organization responsible for guiding the country towards accelerated industrialisation. In April 1928 Gosplan released two drafts that began the process that would industrialise the primarily agrarian nation. This 1,700 page report became the basis of the First Five-year. Shifting from Lenins NEP, the first Five-Year Plan established central strength as the basis of rapid, heavy industrialisation. It began he rapid process of transforming a largely agricultural nation consisting of peasants into an industrial superpower. The new economic system put forward by the first Five-Year plan involved a complicated series of planning arrangements. The first Five- Year plan focused on the mobilization of natural resources to build up the countrys heavy industrial base by increasing output of coal, iron, and other vital resources. The increase of resources by state planning expanded the countrys industrial base. From 1928 to 1932, peak iron output, the amount of pig iron being produced rose from 3. 3 million to 6. million tons per year. Coal, the essential product fuelling modern economies, successfully rose from 35. 4 million to 64 million tons, and output of iron ore rose from 5. 7 million to 19 million tons. A number of industrial complexes such as Magnitogorsk had been built or were under construction. In real terms, the workers standards of living tended to drop, rather than rise during the industrialisation. Stalins laws to tighten work discipline made the situation worse, for example, a change to the labour code enabled firing workers who had been absent without a reason from the work place for Just one day. Being fired meant losing the right to use ration and commodity cards as well as the loss of the right to use an apartment and even blacklisted for new employment which altogether meant a threat of starving. Those measures, however, were not fully enforced, as managers often desperately needed to hire new workers Based on these figures the Soviet government declared that Five Year Industrial Production Plan had been fulfilled by 93. 7% in only four years, while parts devoted to heavy-industry part were fulfilled by 108%. Stalin in December 1932 declared the plan a success to the Central Committee. During the second five-year plan (1933-37), on the basis of the huge investment during the first plan, industry expanded extremely rapidly, and nearly reached the plan. By 1937 coal output was 127 million tons, and pig iron 14. 5 million tons. While undoubtedly marking a massive leap in industry, the first Five Year Plan was extremely harsh on industrial workers; quotas were difficult to fulfil, requiring that miners put in 16 to 18-hour workdays. Failure to fulfil the quotas could result in treason charges. Working conditions were poor, even hazardous. By some estimates, 127,000 workers died during the four. Due to the allocation of resources for industry along with decreasing productivity since the beginning of collectivization, a famine occurred. The use of forced labour must also not be overlooked. In the construction of the industrial complexes, inmates of labour were used as expendable resources. But conditions improved rapidly during the second plan. Throughout the 1930s, industrialization was combined with a rapid expansion of education at schools and in higher education. From 1921 until 1954, during the period of state-guided, forced industrialization, it is claimed 3. 7 million people were sentenced for alleged counter- evolutionary crimes, including 0. 6 million sentenced to death, 2. million sentenced to labour camps, and 0. 7 million sentenced to exile. Another key factor in the industrialisation of Russia was collectivisation. In 1928, Russia turned toward mass collectivization. 1928 also marked the end of the NEP, which allowed peasants to sell their surplus on the open market. Demand for food intensified, especially in the USSRs primary grain producing regions. Upon Joining kolkhozes peasants had to give up their private plots of land and property. Every harvest, Kolkhoz produce was sold o the state for a low price set by the state itself. However, the natural progress of collectivization was slow. By 1936, about 90% of Soviet agriculture had been collectivized. In many cases, peasants bitterly opposed this process and often slaughtered their animals rather than give them to collective farms, even though the Government only wanted the grain. Kulaks, prosperous peasants, were forcibly resettled to the Russian Far North. However, Just about anyone opposing collectivization was deemed a kulak. The policy of liquidation of kulaks as a class meant some executions, and even more deportation.

Product Development Process Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Product Development Process - Assignment Example The new vision of product development is that of an extremely disaggregated process with people and organisations spread throughout the world (Holmes 1999). At the same time, products are becoming increasingly intricate and multifaceted with typical electro-mechanical products requiring close to a million engineering decisions to bring them to market (Eppinger 1998). Even software products like Microsoft Word or Netscape require disaggregated, but coordinated processes involving hundreds of developers (Cusumano and Yoffie 1998). Competitive pressures mean that time to market has been projected as essential to new product success as has marketing's direction towards customer needs and customer satisfaction (Smith and Reinertsen 1998). Because products are marketed throughout the world, firms face the tradeoff between standardisation for cost reduction and variety for satisfying an extensive set of customers. This has stretched the need for marketing to look beyond the single product t o focus on the product platform (Moore, Louviere and Verma 1999). The Product Products are often referred to as anything -- object or service -- that can be offered to a market in order to satisfy a customer's want or need (Kotler et al. 1996; ENDREA 2001) and product development is made up of a wide-ranging and distinctive continuum of activities, which need to be cohesive and interrelated so as to achieve an adequate and an acceptable process. Ulrich & Eppinger (2003) stated it as the set of activities beginning with the perception of a market opportunity and ending in the production, sale, and delivery of a product. Aside from the activities, there are several components, such as design engineers or other practitioners, management and goal system, working means, tools and equipment, information system and environment, identified by Hubka & Eder (1992), which influence the product development process. However, product development work is even more complex, since there also are external aspects, facets that are not intrinsic in the organisation, to consider, like the market), legislation and society that affect the product development process (Blessing 2002). To support coordination and planning of all these activities and components, guarantee quality, identify possible problem areas or improvements, a suitable, well-defined product development process is needed (Ulrich & Eppinger 2003). Andreasen & Hein (1986) have inferred an ideal model for product development activities (Illustration 1). The Integrated Product Development model is based on the three elements -- market, design and production, and the results of their activities need to be unified. The market should be investigated and defined, and a product, which is intended to satisfy the market, should be designed and eventually manufactured by the second and third elements. Illustration 1 -- Model of Integrated Product Development (Andreasen & Hein, 1987) Ulrich & Eppinger (2003) likewise offered a model of integrated product development - a generic development process, which depicted the progression of activities or steps that marketing, design and

Comparison of Healthcare, Nursing Care, and Nursing education in the Research Paper

Comparison of Healthcare, Nursing Care, and Nursing education in the US and Ireland - Research Paper Example Barring a few exceptions such as Veterans Healthcare Administration, Medicare, Medicaid, Children’s Health Insurance Program and TRICARE, the health insurance in the United States is predominantly provided by the private firms (Sultz & Young, 2008). Many of the Americans and their families are extended health insurance by their employers. Yet, a great many Americans are left uninsured. The US spends more money per capita on healthcare than any other nation in the world (Herzlinger, 2007). In fact a large chunk of the national income is spent on healthcare every year. Considering the very high cost of healthcare in the United States, the country has the third highest healthcare budget in the world (Herzlinger, 2007). Irrespective of the gargantuan healthcare expenditure, when it comes to parameters like infant mortality and life expectancy, the US tends to fall behind other developed nations (Herzlinger, 2007). Though there are many government funded healthcare programs, yet they are mostly limited to the veterans, the elderly, the poor, children, and disabled (Armstrong & Armstrong, 1999). Luckily, as per the federal laws, the citizens are allowed a free access to the emergency services, irrespective of their ability to pay (Armstrong & Armstrong, 1999). The hospitals, doctors and the medical personnel in the United States are primarily funded by the insurance pla ns and the payments received from the patients (Roth, 2010). Also, there are also many inequities in the US healthcare system in the context of ethnicity and financial status (Roth, 2010). Besides, United States is one of the only two countries in the world that allows the pharmaceutical companies to engage in direct to consumer advertising of prescription drugs, thereby further adding to the cost of healthcare (Roth, 2010). The current Obama administration has given way to many healthcare reforms like Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and Healthcare and

Colonial Corporations Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Colonial Corporations - Term Paper Example Their main intension was to strengthen their own economy at the expense of their colonies. Here in this case study the American Revolution is mentioned in a detailed way. Many American countries were under the rule of British. Their sufferings and problems which were aroused for the British rule are highlighted in this case. Colonialism is defined as the establishment of political power by a country in another territory. The powerful country maintains their authority over the occupied country and expands their territory over there. It explodes the acquired colonies. Colonialism develops unequal relationship between the colony and the colony power. The British colonial period started from 16th century and continued till 20th century. During this period many European powers acquired many colonies in Africa, Asia and America. By following colonialism the British Empire became the most extensive empire of the world. The country became the strongest global power. By 1921 this empire ruled around 570 million people. Their colonialism started by the territorial expansion through maritime policies. The British established commercial links with different colonies and ended in acquiring those colonies. They build up a Chartered company for the purpose of trade, colonisation and exploration. It was an association which was composed of shareholders or investors. This company permitted the British merchants to undertake different ventures. Gradually the companies started earning profit from the exploited colonies. Some of the British companies developed extensive administration on the colonies for their business ventures. England expanded its colonies in America by war. It gained control of New Amsterdam by negotiation. At the time of the Seven Years War the greater part of North America was controlled by British. Exploitation of the American colonies resulted in The American Revolution where thirteen colonies rejected the authority of British rule. The

Three categories of textile

Three categories of textile 1.1 Background Study â€Å"Waste is defined as anything left over or superfluous, as excess material or by-products, anything rejected or useless, worthless or unwanted.† D Tanya and K Kathy, 1997. They also depicts three categories of textile and apparel waste in ‘Textile waste Lifecycle model namely, post-producer waste generated by manufacturers, pre-consumer waste generated by retailers and post-consumer waste generated by the public. For this research paper, post-producer waste is taken into consideration. In specific, denim waste from the supply chain industries is studied for the purpose of its management. Since Denim fabric is considered to be the toughest fabric and constitutes the maximum amount of cotton which is considered to be organic in nature. Thus it is appropriate to find its recovery system so that no denim waste is land filled or burnt in the atmosphere. In the research paper-â€Å"The Textile waste Lifecycle† in Clothing and Textile Research Journal, author discusses the growing attention towards solid waste management by textile and apparel industry to environmental responsibility and expanded efforts to reduce disposal of post-producer textile waste in landfills. Authors said that the Environmental awareness and subsequently the word â€Å"recycling† has been in common usage for 25 years. But finding ways of recycling textile waste as an alternative to landfill disposal is an ecological problem on which textile/apparel industry is already working. Though they are still working on to develop a Textile waste Lifecycle model to reduce the textile waste in all the categories of textile and apparel waste. Authors while introducing in the above research paper discusses that the vast majority of solid waste stream is contributed by post-producer waste from the industry including fiber producers, textile mills and fabric and apparel manufacturers. Therefore, â€Å"Recycling, a large component of the bigger environmental movement, has grown rapidly in recent years†. (D Tanya and K Kathy, 1997) He also mentioned that the interest towards recycling is due to many factors including green consumerism, rising waste disposal cost, an explosion of legislative initiatives and mandates and the evolution of waste recycling into smoothly running commodity industry. Discussed in the 2nd International conference of Textile Research Division under the topic â€Å"Textile waste-material Recycling† by (G. M. EI-Nouby, H. A. Azzam, S. T. Mohamed, and M. N. El-Sheikh, 2005) that large amounts of cloth scrap, clippings and loose sample scraps are created at â€Å"cut and sew† plants where garments are manufactured. These scraps of waste-material comprises of 15-30% of all types of garments manufactured. Also in the recent study in the research paper â€Å"Recycling Textile waste-Newer Dimensions† by S. Aishwarya(2010) found the total cotton fiber consumption is estimated to be 26 lakh tons per year, of which approximately 2,10, 000 of cotton dust which is a micro dust and also considered as a non-saleable waste which is produced during yarn manufacturing process. Due to environmental concerns, a large number of companies are currently developing manufacturing processes using alternative materials for their products and seeking new markets for the sub-products of their first-line production as said by the authors M.G Gomes, R. Fangueiro, C.Gonilho (2006). They also points that due to the higher prices for raw materials and man-made fibers, it will be utmost importance to recycle some of the waste. Linked to this, they also states that companies who want to stay in business have to be good environmentalists. But major issues facing the recycling efforts of Textile and apparel manufacturers are lack of market for recycled products and cost of processes as discussed by (D Tanya and K Kathy, 1997). They also did industry research which has indicated that small companies may have less waste to recycle which makes the cost of recycling too high. The problem is in particular concern for small manufactures. Therefore, it is important to find the cost-benefit of textile recycling industry. Larney and Annette, 2004 has also investigated the South African textile industry in regard to recycling practices, interest and willingness of the manufacturers and the problems barriers to enter the market for recycled products. The questionnaire and mail survey was done considering 103 textile manufactures including small, medium and large textile manufactures. Out of 10 statements asked in the questionnaire, rank wise, most of the companies would purchase carpets from recycled textile materials, then they said that they would manufacture apparel or other textile products made from recycled textile materials and so on. The last rank was given to the statement that â€Å"It is not economically feasible for my company to recycled textile material to produce new apparel or other textile products.† and â€Å"It is always more expensive for my company to use recycled textile materials then it is to use new textile materials in the production of apparel or other textile product s†. On the other hand, companies agreed to the fact that market strategy that creates a strong ultimate demand is an appropriate strategy to use with apparel or other textile products made from recycled textile materials. The research concluded that uncertainty of market strategies could be the economic barriers, as textile recycling is not cost effective in general even though most industries advised the strong trade demand through market strategy because then only the market would be moved forward. Therefore, it is still important to identify applications of textile waste apart from landfilling the waste which is considered as the major gap in the industry. Therefore, for the purpose of this research, it is important to find considerable denim waste (denim fabric which is constitutes the maximum cotton consumption and is considered to be organic in nature) from the industry which can be further analyzed to find its various applications (which means its recovery options) and the result may help in building â€Å"return service† for yarn manufacturers/denim manufacturers through denim apparel manufactures locally. 1.2 Project Objectives The objectives are to study the options for the recovery and recycling the denim wastes and to find the economic feasibility and opportunities by applying this to the supply chain from denim manufacturing through the Denim apparel manufacturing. In this the following objectives can be confirmed: To assess the amount of denim waste generated by the Denim apparel manufacturers To study what happens to denim waste and price considerations of rag dealers locally To analyze the various applications of denim waste reuse/recycling To recommend a â€Å"return service† for denim scrap locally CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE REVIEW Literature Review is analyzing previous researchers work to have an idea of what other people have done in the same area of study. The project revolves around classifying the prospects of industrial denim waste and its cost efficiency. Following sections of Literature Review discusses objective-wise researchers study. Firstly it will talk about the study on the amount of waste estimated in Textile Industry, then it reveals whether informal or any government organizations are involved in recycling/reuse practices, then finding the applications of denim recycling and finally looking at the cost effectiveness of the same. The Literature Review involve research papers of renowned authors, or any other articles from Internet or otherwise. It will involve Secondary data which means the data is collected from Secondary source all over the world and then summarized in the form of my own analyses author wise in each section. Although in Chapter-4, data collection in the form of Primary data is viewed by consulting Denim apparel manufacturers, rag dealers and recyclers to identify and facilitate the objectives of the research paper. 2.1 The amount and forms of Post-producer textile waste generated or recycled In the research paper-â€Å"The Textile Waste Lifecycle†, the authors revealed that the vast majority of solid waste stream is contributed by post-producer waste from the industry. For textiles, it was estimated between 1.5 and 1.9 billion pounds of new fiber and fabric wastes annually by fiber producers, textile mills and fabric manufactures in USA. Out of 2% of the total nations annual post-producer textile waste(which amounts to 11.2 billion tons), apparel manufacturers waste contributed 450 to 600 million tons annually in the form of apparel cuttings. Media attention to various U.S industries potential for ecological damage as contribution to sold waste stream has pressured the textile industry to respond with alternatives other than landfilling waste according to the author. And this environmental pressure has had dramatic impact the last ten years as companies have added environmentally sound management philosophy. Therefore, the authors analyzed a â€Å"Textile Waste L ifecycle model† which is also shown in Figure: 1 to show the integration of post-producer and post-consumer textile waste with resalable and reusable new products. Also the model contribute to the philosophy that while everything must go somewhere, there are more options than landfilling. The above figure of Textile Waste Lifecycle Model reveals that Post-producer textile waste may be disposed of in three ways. Firstly, it may enter the solid waste stream and end in landfills or waste incinerators. The second option is converting the solid waste into energy to power the manufacturing process. The third option is to sell the waste to textile waste recycler who shreds garments, fabric or fiber waste into new fiber. The author also quoted various examples of textile recyclers in order to establish the fact that what they are doing with the post-producer textile waste which is discussed in section 2.2.Authors in the end of this research paper provides further framework for further dialogue about what constitutes the textile waste and finding means by which textile waste is or can be disposed. Likewise, many avenues for further study were established. There are still voids and gaps in the market so as to understand what constitutes the textile waste. Therefore authors in this research left initiatives for further finding the applications of various textile waste which forms the part of the objectives of research paper. Another recent survey by T.H. Christensen, G. Bhander, H. Lindvall, A.W. Larsen, T. Fruergaard, A. Damgaard, S. Manfredi, A. Boldrin, C. Riber and M. Hauschild, 2008 is also done to calculate the volume of textile production waste materials and the recycling level by Lithuanian textile, clothing and soft furniture production enterprise. 18 textile companies, 12 apparel industry companies and 10 companies of soft furniture production have been surveyed by questioning. A significant part of textile production waste is land filled. The transportation of textile waste for land filling requires additional investments including the continuously increasing pressure of taxation for waste disposal and transportation costs. With the EU Environmental Law getting stricter, the process of waste land filling will become more loss-making. The Resolution prohibits burying of all recyclable waste, including textile waste, from the year 2015 and prohibits burying of all residual waste, except the case s when the burying is inevitable or a danger arises, from the year 2025. The overall waste amount throughout the entire cycle of a textile fabric production from yarn manufacturing to fabric sewing may constitute upto 40-50% of raw materials quantity. On the other hand, the amount of textile waste generated in the apparel industry companies covers the interval of 3-22% in proportion to the raw materials used. The main part of all the waste (62.5%) consists of textile material cuttings. These are cuttings of different size with dyeing defects, stained, fine knitted fabric waste, woven fabric borders, weighted cuttings of woven fabrics (0.1-2mm length), and cutouts from garment sewing industry. Following Table-1 shows the waste amount and recycling degree according to enterprise type TABLE-1 Enterprise type Overall amount of waste, t Average amount of waste, t Amount of waste recycle/ used in co.,t Amount of waste solid given away, t Amount of waste solid transported for land filling, t Textile Production 1671.2 93 343.7 815.1 513.1 Apparel 1001.0 83 0 299.6 701.4 The research has shown the amount of waste produced by different industries, and how much it is reused, recycled and hw much thrown in landfill.Figure:2, 3 proves that more than half of the textile industry waste goes in the landfill and very less amount of waste is recycled. This research has revealed that how waste is going to put pressure on each and every industry, as they are already spending on transportation of waste and in future it is said that they also have to pay taxes for this waste disposal. By 2015 government will not allow to dispose off the waste in the landfill. The research only looked at the waste, its amount and how it is going to create problems in the future. But there are no ways how to recover or recycle is discussed. In 2005, the 2nd Conference of Textile Research Division already discussed â€Å"Ways and Means† to Textile -waste Recycling by authors, G. M. EI-Nouby, H. A. Azzam, S. T. Mohamed, and M. N. El-Sheikh which is discussed in following section 2.2 Therefore, from the above section it can be concluded that there is no proper study which has been witnessed by Denim textile/or apparel industry in specific. Though there are lot of studies done by various textile/apparel industries irrespective of specific industries such as Denim industry to identify the amount of waste and its further prospects. 2.2 The Recyclers and theirRecycling applications of Textile waste The 2nd Conference meetings Journal-â€Å"Textile Waste-Material Recycling†-Part-I- Ways and Means† includes the extensive coverage of previous work. It also attempts to convert textile waste material into useful forms, non-woven fabrics or spun yarns. The methods and machines used in textile waste material recycling were also covered to increase the ability of Egyptian textile industry to compete in the era of open markets and globalization. The above figure: 5 show the technical solution and non-technical solution to manage textile waste which is also discussed in Figure: 1 by Domina and Kathy to integrate the textile waste among all the categories including post-producer waste, pre-consumer waste and post-consumer waste. But here the question arises that what recyclers are doing in order to find various applications of the textile waste material. Therefore, D, Tanya and K Kathy, 1997 in the research paper-â€Å"The Textile Waste Lifecycle† conducted a survey and found various textile recyclers and what they are actually doing to reduce post-producer textile waste. Following are the textile recyclers namely, Crown Textile recycler, where fiber makes up 60% of the all solid waste, of which 95% is recycled as energy Leigh Fibers Inc., a textile and apparel waste recycler that purchases bundled textile waste such as carding, fabric scraps and thread, shreds waste into fibers which are then sold. Eco Fiber Canada, Inc. makes cotton yarn from fiber and fabric waste to be then made into a variety of apparel products. Levis Strauss and company has recycled 400000 pounds of denim scrap into paper Cone mills recycle polypropylene wrapping from cotton bales, polyester and other materials. Russell Corp. rebales its cutting waste for resale or returns it into fiber for use in spinning Burlington recycles old jeans and denim scrap into new denim fabric which Levis Strauss makes into Jeans According to the survey, both the authors reports that 73% of the post-producer fabric waste is recycled annually, approximately 150 million pounds are reprocessed into fiber, 200 million pounds are sorted by color and exported to respun, and 100 million pounds are used to make wipers. They also said that due to the difficulty in separating laminated fabrics and high usage of blended yarns and fabrics, only about 2% of industrial fabric waste are recycled. Since our project aims at Denim waste recycling, there should be no difficulty of such kind as in blended yarns and fabrics. One of the Denim Return Project done by Bradmill Group in Denim Park in 1999 revealed that Denim waste are generated such as warp tailings, denim selvage, fabric waste and other smaller waste. The group also found the opportunities for the recycling and reuse for denim wastes and to provide this to a totally a recycling activity for their group as well as fulfilling a need for waste reduction at Denim Park facility. The opportunities of denim reuse that Bradmill Group investigated are: Shredding and Recycling into a new spinning operation Shredding and Reuse as a fiber base for paper and cardboard Sorting and packaging for sale locally and overseas Briquetting for combustion in Bradmill Undare boilers Shredding and use as filling material for a range of non-woven applications including wadding for furniture, cushions, pillows and car wadding Shredding and use in mushroom production Shredding for use as an absorbent material(mainly for oil spills) Use of large scraps as polishing rags Certain aspects are identified by Bradmill, 1999 which affect the recyclability of denim waste which are as follows: Fiber length, which is identified as critical to the end application. Short length fibers which are less than 3mm cannot be respun, whereas long length fibers are suitable for respinning Impurities (such as oil, dirt, vegetable and metal contamination), is another critical aspect of fiber reuse which can cause serious hazards in reprocessing. Sizing is a starchy material which is required during weaving operations. Therefore, waste fabrics/fibers require desizing as Sizing will affect fiber absorbency, which will reduce its effectiveness in oil spill collection, paper production, and may reduce its usability in other non-woven applications. Lastly, Color in the fiber can have a positive or negative effect on recyclability. Since residual colors in denim fibers many affect the final product if it has a particular application For example: high quality white paper. Some recycling operations require use colored fibers sorted into colors for respinning. Careful color mixing of fibers to achieve specified colors without requiring dyeing. This type of operation requires cost-cutting input of approximately 250 tonnes of waste per month whereas Bradmill produces approximately 20 tonnes per month. A basic breakdown of reuse fiber requirements is discussed in Table: 2 according to the survey done by Bradmill. Again the major issues facing the recycling efforts of textile and apparel manufacturers are lack of market for recycled products and cost of processing as also discussed by the famous authors D Tanya and K Kathy, 1997 Therefore, there are still gaps in the market to find the cost-benefit (or cost effectiveness) of the opportunities of Denim reuse/recycling business. In the section 2.3 certain researches have been compiled to analyze the full cost and cost-benefit of recycling business of solid waste management. TABLE: 2 APPLICATION FIBER CHARACTER SHORT LONG COLORED SIZED METAL CONTAM. Respinning for colored yarn à ¼ à ¼ Desizing may be required Paper Production à ¼ Blue is ok(may be Black) Desizing may be required Paper board Production à ¼ May require Bleaching à ¼ Shredding for fill à ¼ à ¼ à ¼ à ¼ Shredding for Absorbent à ¼ à ¼ à ¼ à ¼ Combustion à ¼ à ¼ à ¼ à ¼ à ¼ Non-woven à ¼ à ¼ May require Bleaching May require Desizing Rags Scraps 8cm. sq.(Min.) à ¼ à ¼ N/A Mushroom Production à ¼ à ¼ à ¼ à ¼ Another recent research by S. Aishwariya in the research paper â€Å" Recycling Textile waste-Newer dimensions(2010) found that willow waste(which is a short fiber waste considered as non-salable and also just disposed off as landfills) in India according to the unforeseen statistical report amounts to 80,000-85,000 tones per annum. Therefore, this non-resalable can be collected, processed and converted into biocompost by the use of vermicomposting and enzymes technology which can be a very convincing effort to reduce and recycle waste. â€Å"Vermicomposting in the broad sense can be termed as waste minimization which is a very effective technology for managing solid organic wastes, into highly beneficial and valuable compost that can be used as supplement to increase soil fertility.† 2.3 Cost Analysis of Textile Recycling business B Margaret and P Paul, 1998 talks about the real cost of waste in the research paper -â€Å"The waste minimization of food and drink industry† and explains that â€Å"The cost of waste is not only the cost of getting rid of it, but also the value of what you are getting rid of. According to the authors, the real cost of waste can be divided into two categories, the visible costs and the hidden cost. But it is said that in the apparel industry, efforts are made towards waste minimization but still there is a lot of waste generated as discussed in section 2.1 of this chapter. Because, nowadays automated grading and optimized placements of garment pieces within a marker are powerful, but also optimizing the mapping of the markers to the different rolls of fabric is the key to optimizing fabric consumption and lowering costs. (Retrieved from a solution case study â€Å"Integrated Solutions Increase Efficiency and Reduce Waste in Clothing Manufacturing† by REACH technologies) Therefore, S Michael, D Mathew, M Scott, G Cathleen, E Matt, G Beth, 1997 of the â€Å"Division of Pollution Prevention and Environmental Assistance(DPPEA)† by the department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources conducted a study on â€Å"Analysis of the Full Costs of Solid Waste Management for North Carolina local governments.† The study found that the cost-effectiveness of recycling program (compared to solid waste collection and disposal) correlate the local governments recycling rate i.e. the local governments that achieve high recycling rates are more likely to operate recycling programs that are less expensive per ton than solid waste collection and disposal. The Full cost Analysis (FCA) helps local governments understand expenditures associated with collection, disposal and recycling so that the true costs and benefits of each sectors are understood. The study presents cost analyses by 15 North Carolina local governments and concentrated on cost of residential solid waste collection, solid waste disposal and The study presents and analyzes the quantitative from the completed full cost analysis worksheet of residential solid waste collection, disposal and recycling. All governments used the same methodology of identifying the Full cost work sheet as a standard format. To determine the efficiency measurements, cost-per-ton figures for 15 North Carolina local governments are taken as a sample of study. The Recycling cost includes the cost of collection, processing and marketing of materials. In the Figure: 6, It can be seen that recycling cost appears to be most costly solid waste management option per ton. This comparison is explored in more detail in Fig: 7 which show that relative cost effectiveness of recycling compared to solid waste collection and disposal cost is directly correlated to local government recycling rates. Finally, the research concluded three tangible conclusions: Full cost analysis provides a foundation for budgetary decisions Recycling can cost as little or less than solid waste management Local governments that achieve high recycling rates are more likely to operate recycling programs that are less expensive per ton than solid waste collection and disposal. That means there is a positive correlation between recycling rates and low recycling costs (compared to solid waste management) for 15 participating local governments. Therefore, from the above three sections discussed in this chapter, it can be concluded that a lot of studies are being done to find the opportunities of textile waste recycling and finding the positive correlation between recycling rates and low recycling cost. But, there is still a gap in the market to identify and analyze the opportunities of denim waste recycling and finding the best possible alternative applications of denim waste reuse in India. CHAPTER-3 METHODOLOGY The project waste management in the Apparel Industry is taken because of the global scenario. So in order to contribute to the noble cause this project will assess the amount of waste in the Denim apparel industry in specific and emphasize on the alternative use of Denim apparel waste. For carrying out the project, data needs to be collected and this can be divided into Primary and Secondary data collection. For this project, Primary data is the data (or information) which is collected from the Denim apparel Industries in Delhi/NCR and other textile waste members in the supplychain Delhi/NCR and other areas. For collecting Secondary data, information from e-books, e-journal articles etc. will be require to find out what all researches are carried out in this field, what is the result of this researches, how denim apparel waste can be an input for any other industry, which areas have not been thoroughly covered etc. Objective:1 To assess the forms and amount of denim waste generated by the Denim apparel manufacturers Sampling Frame: 3 Denim apparel Manufacturers Sample Technique: Convenience and Judgmental technique Research Design: Descriptive Data Collection: Primary data collection(Case Study) to analyze whether there is a considerable amount of waste in the Denim apparel Industry and if yes, then finding the various forms of Denim waste (through photography) for further analyzing the scope for the same Objective:2 To find the required information from recyclers in India Sampling Frame: 2 Textile/Denim waste recyclers in Delhi/NCR Sample Technique: Convenience technique Research Design: Descriptive/Exploratory Data Collection: Primary Data Collection(Depth Interview) to identify what is happening to the denim/textile waste collected, whats the market and future scope. (Photography)to show variety of denim waste collected by recyclers, the working environment and processes involved in their premises. Objective: 3To identify and analyze the opportunities out of Denim waste Recycling Sampling Frame: Data collected from Denim recyclers and Denim apparel Manufacturers Sample Technique: Judgmental technique Research Design: Descriptive/Exploratory Data Collection: Primary data collection (In-depth Interview) from recyclersto understand the processes involved at their end. Objective:4To recommend a â€Å"return service† for Denim scrap locally Sampling Frame: Data collection from Textile waste Recyclers Sample Technique: Judgmental technique Research Design: Descriptive/Exploratory Data Collection: Primary Data Collection (Case Study)- to finally recommend a return service which might help in adding something to the environment Objective:1 To assess the forms and amount of denim waste generated by the Denim apparel manufacturers This objective focuses on identifying the amount and forms of Denim waste generated by Denim apparel industry. Therefore, a pilot study was done in order to calculate the amount of denim waste in each department which is shown in Table-3 below. And forms of wastes are shown in different departments through photographs followed by Table-3 TABLE-3 Denim Manufacturers Name Department Waste Amount (in % out of 100% on an average) Forms of Waste

Macbeth :: essays research papers

Through the chronicles of history there have always been heroes. Men and women that stand up and take charge and are moral leaders of countries. Joan of Arc, Napoleon, Genghis Khan and Churchill are only a few examples of people that are remember eternally for what they have done. There are also other leaders that people would like to forget because they are moral cowards killing their subject and causing evil. Stalin, Fidel Castro, and the Character of Macbeth are all examples of this. Macbeth is a moral coward. During the play Macbeth often shows that he is morale coward. For instance, when he is planning Duncan’s murder. Likewise he also shows cowardice by killing Banquo. Lastly he shows how spineless he is when he orders Macduffs family to be murdered. A coward is an individual that is easily scared or has difficulty performing functions because of possible reprocutions. Macbeth shows notable cowardice when planning the murder of Duncan. Macbeth leans from one side to the other because he is fearful of the reprocutions. Macbeth says, “ If {we} should fail';. This shows that he is fearful and too cowardly to act. Lady Macbeth also states, “Are thou afeard to be the same in thine own act';. Again showing how cowardly Macbeth is because he will not act. Likewise Macbeth is a coward because he murders Duncan in the middle of the night and does not give a formal challenge. Instead he pretends to be his friend then kills Duncan while he is sleeping. This is what a coward would do. Likewise Macbeth also shows cowardice by killing Banquo. This shows cowardice on Macbeth’s part because his only true reason for killing him is that he is afraid of Banquo’s royalty of nature. Banquo poses no real threat to Macbeth’s throne and is visibly loyal to him. Still Macbeth fears Banquo because he is a good guy and is very respected. Macbeth is spineless because he even believes that his friend is after him and is a danger to his throne. Macbeth says “our fears in Banquo stick deep, and in his royalty of nature reigns that which would be feared';. Macbeth is pusillanimous to the point that he even believes that his friend posses the greatest opposition for him as king. As well as this Macbeth is also a coward because he himself does not kill Banquo.