The Use of Electroconvulsive Therapy in Patients with Severe Depression

The Use of Electroconvulsive Therapy in Patients with Severe Depression or Schizophrenia â€Å"In studies, people with both a past filled with serious sadness and a background marked by physical injury because of a mishap positioned the agony of dysfunctional behavior as much more awful than that of physical trauma† (Isaac 5). Psychological maladjustments cause colossal affliction and possibly even demise; in the year 2000, the self destruction pace of patients experiencing misery was evaluated at fifteen percent. This is a demonstration of the way that dysfunctional behaviors, for example, melancholy and schizophrenia are not kidding issues, and those experiencing them merit the best treatment accessible. Numerous specialists go to antidepressants and â€Å"talk-therapy† in endeavors to mend their patients; in any case, there are different alternatives. Electroconvulsive treatment (ECT), otherwise called electroshock, or just electrotherapy, is a disputable treatment of various psychological sicknesses, including sorrow, schizophrenia, bipolar turmoil, and other mind-set issue. The methodology comprises of sending an electric flow through the cerebrum, basically stunning it and prompting a seizure. There are many known symptoms, including memory misfortune; be that as it may, their predominance and extent are abundantly discussed and far over-sensationalized, making a negative notoriety. The root of this notoriety lies in electroconvulsive therapy’s sketchy history. Numerous individuals take a gander at the utilization of electroshock previously, instead of the flow headways that have been made, giving an out of line partiality in regards to the procedure’s use today and making the populace partner electroconvulsive treatment with pictures of torment. In spite of the assumptions that the technique is coldblooded and regularly unsuccess... ...lectroconvulsive Therapy is an Effective Treatment for Schizophrenia and Depression.† Mental Illness. Ed. Tamara L. Roleff and Laura K. Egendorf. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2000. Contradicting Viewpoints Resource Center. Thomson Gale. George Mason University. 28 Sep. 2012.. Kneeland, Timothy W., and Carol A.B. Warren. Pushbutton Psychiatry: A History of Electroshock in America. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2002. Sherer, Richard A. Kitty Dukakis Book: In Praise of ECT-Despite the Memory Issue.(electroconvulsive therapy)(Shock: The Healing Power of Electroconvulsive Therapy). Psychiatric Times 23.13 (Nov 1, 2006): 1. Expanded Academic ASAP. Thomson Gale. George Mason University.â 7 Dec. 2012.â . Thackery, Ellen, and Madeline Harris. The Gale Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders. Detroit, Mich.: Gale Group, 2003. The Use of Electroconvulsive Therapy in Patients with Severe Depression The Use of Electroconvulsive Therapy in Patients with Severe Depression or Schizophrenia â€Å"In overviews, people with both a background marked by serious discouragement and a past filled with physical injury because of a mishap positioned the agony of psychological instability as much more regrettable than that of physical trauma† (Isaac 5). Dysfunctional behaviors cause colossal torment and possibly even demise; in the year 2000, the self destruction pace of patients experiencing wretchedness was evaluated at fifteen percent. This is a demonstration of the way that psychological sicknesses, for example, despondency and schizophrenia are not kidding issues, and those experiencing them merit the best treatment accessible. Numerous specialists go to antidepressants and â€Å"talk-therapy† in endeavors to recuperate their patients; be that as it may, there are different choices. Electroconvulsive treatment (ECT), otherwise called electroshock, or basically electrotherapy, is a disputable treatment of various psychological sicknesses, including discouragemen t, schizophrenia, bipolar confusion, and other state of mind issue. The methodology comprises of sending an electric flow through the mind, basically stunning it and prompting a seizure. There are many known reactions, including memory misfortune; nonetheless, their commonness and greatness are abundantly discussed and far over-sensationalized, making a negative notoriety. The inception of this notoriety lies in electroconvulsive therapy’s flawed history. Numerous individuals take a gander at the utilization of electroshock before, as opposed to the flow progressions that have been made, giving an out of line bias in regards to the procedure’s use today and making the populace partner electroconvulsive treatment with pictures of torment. Regardless of the assumptions that the technique is unfeeling and frequently unsuccess... ...lectroconvulsive Therapy is an Effective Treatment for Schizophrenia and Depression.† Mental Illness. Ed. Tamara L. Roleff and Laura K. Egendorf. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2000. Contradicting Viewpoints Resource Center. Thomson Gale. George Mason University. 28 Sep. 2012.. Kneeland, Timothy W., and Carol A.B. Warren. Pushbutton Psychiatry: A History of Electroshock in America. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2002. Sherer, Richard A. Kitty Dukakis Book: In Praise of ECT-Despite the Memory Issue.(electroconvulsive therapy)(Shock: The Healing Power of Electroconvulsive Therapy). Psychiatric Times 23.13 (Nov 1, 2006): 1. Expanded Academic ASAP. Thomson Gale. George Mason University.â 7 Dec. 2012.â . Thackery, Ellen, and Madeline Harris. The Gale Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders. Detroit, Mich.: Gale Group, 2003.

Telephone and Availability free essay sample

Consider a mechanized teller machine (ATM) in which clients give an individual recognizable proof number (PIN) and a card for account get to a)Give instances of secrecy, trustworthiness, and accessibility prerequisites related with the framework and, for each situation, demonstrate the level of significance of the necessity.. Answer: Confidentiality: The privacy of the subtleties and exchanges of the cash of a client holding the record is significant. The client of a bank holds the techniques and machines of the bank to be liable for his cash, to be sure client anticipates the utilization of the record and cash to be constrained to himself and not any other individual. Any hole of the privacy of the record may prompt taking of the cash of an esteemed client and his trust over the bank. Respectability: The subtleties and exchanges of the record of a client ought to be exact with no slip-up. Any slip-up may prompt disarray with the client and may expect him to take pointless difficulties of reaching the bank. We will compose a custom paper test on Phone and Availability or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Aside from precision in subtleties the component utilized in ATM ought to be exact in apportioning the right sum. Accessibility: ATM are viewed as one of the principle accessible resource of a bank whenever. Since it is the one of the strategies to see exchanges and pull back cash at non business hours its accessibility is significant. A client consistently relies on the ATM at whenever of a day for utilization of his cash so the accessibility of an ATM is significant with respect to business of a bank. Rehash Problem (a) for a phone exchanging framework that courses calls through an exchanging system dependent on the phone number mentioned by the guest. Secrecy: Although the classification with the utilization of phone ought to be high, I thing in todays world it is moderate the same number of organizations are following the calls and tuning in to the discussions if not recording. There is no specific law on the agencies(sometimes government claimed) on how, when and why the following, recording and utilizing of the spared discussions is finished. Privacy ought to be of high an incentive as it might prompt divulgence of unintended information while following or recording. Uprightness: A client consistently depend on the precision of the correspondence administrations. at whatever point a client dials a number it is planned to be associated with a recognized client on opposite side. Any missed association with the line will prompt extra charges in the event that not to client, at that point to the organization. Exactness in the association is significant factor in media transmission administrations. Accessibility: A client utilizes a phone to speak with others when out of luck. On the off chance that not accessible at the period of scarcity, at that point it is of no utilization to him. So the accessibility of the phone framework is of the most significant. 2)Consider a work area distributing framework used to deliver records for different associations. a)Give a case of a kind of distribution for which classification of the put away information is the most significant prerequisite. Answer: In the framework which distributes business information, for example, share esteems and investor information secrecy is of generally significant. b)Give a case of a sort of distribution where information uprightness is the most significant prerequisite. Answer: Integrity is significant in the framework which distributes inquire about information, new discoveries, government information, rules, laws and guidelines. c)Give a model where framework accessibility is the most significant necessity Answer: Availability is significant in the frameworks which distributes open information, for example, wellbeing, IT returns and furthermore in the distribution of news like papers and journalists. 3)For every one of the accompanying resources, appoint a low, moderate, or high effect level for the loss of privacy, accessibility, and trustworthiness, individually. Legitimize your answers. a)An association overseeing open data on its Web server. Privacy: It might be low since it is open data over web which can whenever be gotten to by any person by getting in the security of the site page. Accessibility: ought to be high with the goal that it might be accessible to correct individual whenever. Respectability: Should be high since its open information any off-base data may prompt heaps of disarray among the clients. b) A law requirement association overseeing very delicate analytical data. Secrecy: It ought to be high. Since the information ought to be shielded from the individuals about whom examination was done so they may not modify the information and act as indicated by it. Honesty: Should be high with the goal that correct judgment is given based on the examination information. Accessibility: It might be moderate since it is for the utilization of proposed individuals that is the specialists and the individuals including in the conviction of the subject on whom the examination was finished.

Critical Discussion of Classical Management Theory Applied to Modern Organisations - Free Essay Example

Critical Discussion of Classical Management Theory Applied to Modern Organizations Taylorism Two of the most commonly studied and applied management theories are those of Taylorist and Fordist management theories. Taylorism or more commonly known as Scientific Management Theory is the name of the methodology to management, industrial and organizational psychology, which was introduced by Frederick Winslow in 1911 in his monograph à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Principles of Scientific Managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Taylorism is frequently studied alongside the theory of Fordism. The reason behind this is that it was nearly connected with large scale manufacture strategies is assembling production lines. Taylors name for his methodology was Scientific Management. This kind of assignment turned advancement of work errands is almost omnipresent today in modest commercial ventures, most eminently in sequential construction systems and quick sustenance restaurants which is otherwise k nown as the concept of Mcdonaldisation. His contentions started from his perception that, as a rule, laborers in dull employments work at the slowest rate that goes unpunished. This moderate rate of work à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" which he assigned the term soldiering, however may these days be referred to as loafing, malingering or slacking, he opined, was a mix of the intrinsic apathy of individuals and the perception that, when paid the same sum, laborers will have a tendency to do the measure of work the slowest around them does. He in this way suggested that the work done that had been created in most work situations was created, deliberately or unintentionally, to be extremely wasteful in its execution. From this he set that there was one best strategy for performing a specific assignment, and that assuming that it were taught to specialists, their profit might go up. Taylor presented numerous ideas that were not broadly acknowledged around then. Case in point, by watching laborers, h e chose that work may as well incorporate rest breaks so the laborer has time to recuperate from weariness. He demonstrated this with the errand of emptying metal. Laborers were taught to take rest throughout work and yield went up. In todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s time, this concept is used by the army in a way that the soldiers are requested to enjoy a reprieve of 10 minutes for each hour of walking. This takes into consideration an any longer constrained walk than nonstop strolling. There are four basic principles of the Scientific Management or Taylorist management theory. These principles include, firstly, swapping work by rule of thumb, or basic propensity and the ability to think, and rather utilize the deductive technique to study work and focus the most productive approach to perform particular assignments. Secondly, as opposed to basically allocate laborers to simply any employment, match specialists to their occupations dependent upon competence and inspiration, and train t hem to work at greatest proficiency. Thirdly, screen specialist execution, and give guidelines and supervision to guarantee that theyre utilizing the most productive methods for living up to expectations. Lastly, designate the work between directors and specialists with the goal that the supervisors invest their time arranging and preparing, permitting the laborers to perform their undertakings productively. Taylorism is often considered in context of wage or effort exchanges (Littler, 1978). The sociological importance of Taylorism in connection to wage/ effort trade does not lie in a basic movement to piece-work. Criticism of Taylorism The critics had been arguing that, in fact, Taylorist theory of management does not lead to effective management. According to the employees, the management diminishes job opportunities from them through reinstatement of men by machines and by expanding human profit less specialists is required to do work prompting throwing out from their e mployments. They feel that they are exploited as they are not given due portion in expanding benefits which is because of their expanded benefit. Wages dont climb in extent as ascent in preparation. Wage installment makes questionable matter frailty. Because of over the top specialization the laborers are not fit to undertake their own. Their status is decreased to being unimportant teeth in wheel. Occupations get dull. Specialists detached investment in employments and infer little delight from work. To everything is altered decided ahead of time by administration. So it leaves no space for exchange unions to deal as everything is institutionalized, standard yield, standard working conditions, standard time and so forth. This further debilitates exchange unions, makes a crack between productive in effective specialists consistent with their wages. The investigative administration lays standard yield, time so they need to surge up and complete the work in time. These have unfrien dly impact on soundness of laborers. The specialists accelerate to that standard yield, so deductive administration drives the laborers to surge towards yield and completion work in standard time. Investigative administration is an expensive framework and a tremendous financing is needed in station of arranging dept., institutionalization, work study, preparing of laborers. It may be far-off of little firms. Substantial sustenance speculation prompts build in overhead expenses. Investigative administration requires mental modification and complete rearranging of association. A considerable measure of time is needed for work, study, institutionalization specialization. Throughout this updating of association, the work endures. Consistent with analysts this hypothesis has specific burdens -, for example, it disregards human components as workers are acknowledged as machines. It overlooks human prerequisites, needs and goals. It includes partition of arranging and doing. It may prompt disappointment in light of contrasting execution and others. Likewise, experimental administration does not provide for one most ideal path for taking care of issues (Jawad, 2014). Fordism and its criticism Fordism, on the contrary, was introduced with the setting of the assembly line in the early twentieth century as it prompted an arrangement of processing that came to be reputed to be Fordism. It turned into the predominant industrialization standard of the created nations of North America, Europe and Japan. With innovative and administrative changes that occurred after the 1970s, Fordism was essentially supplanted (or stretched) by Post-Fordism, which is more reflective of the worldwide economy and the extended portability of the variables of handling. The center of Fordism is the idea of extensive manufactures providing food the advancement of a mass business. Generation is greatly organized with a pyramidal charge structure. It typically benefits a national business sec tor with a keep tabs on supply (handling) and the desire that the business sector will ingest the yield. This is connected with preparation process durations that use weeks if not months to acclimate to the vacillation of the interest, and in addition data streams that are abate and slacking (Jawad, 2014). Fordism alludes to the arrangement of extensive manufactures and utilization normal for remarkably created economies throughout the 1940s-1960s. Under Fordism, mass utilization consolidated with extensive manufactures to process maintained budgetary development and broad material headway. The 1970s-1990s have been a time of slower development and expanding pay bias. Throughout this period, the arrangement of association of processing and utilization has, maybe, experienced a second change, which when adult guarantees a second blast of financial development. This new framework is regularly alluded to as the adaptable arrangement of creation (FSP) or the Japanese administration fram ework. On the processing side, FSP is portrayed by sensational decreases in data expenses and overheads, Total Quality Management (TQM), in the nick of time stock control, and leaderless work bunches; on the utilization side, by the globalization of shopper products markets, quicker item life cycles, and far more terrific product/market division and separation (Thompson, n.d). Fordism as enhanced over forty years offered a marvelously effective arrangement of mass production (Tylecote and Vertova, n.d). Ford connected to the handling of engine vehicles the deterioration of undertakings, the specialization of instruments, the gathering of apparatuses into the machine, and even of machines into the machine framework. These were all commonplace of the conversion of specialty handling into vast scale mechanical creation, a methodology which had as of recently moved ahead further in the US than anyplace else, impelled on especially by the lack and organized quality of talented labor ers (Clarke, 1990). It is contended, however, that for Fordism enormous single financing required. Notwithstanding this, there is susceptibility to breakdowns- if one spot of the plant heads off you need to back everything up. Likewise, transport of raw materials binds you to a particular geological locale else it gets excessively costly. There is additionally less flexibility regarding output. British Airways British Airways (BA) is a full administration worldwide airline, with a broad way system  ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡ying from its Heathrow and Gatwick centers and additionally to and from numerous territorial and universal landing strips. Since combining with Iberia to structure the IAG bunch, British Airways has turned into the worlds third biggest carrier. British Airways is known to focus more on the concept of Scientific Management by Taylor. However, the problem with the Terminal 5, on the day of its launch in March 2008, could have been prevented if the managers ha d used appropriate concepts of scientific management. Terminal 5 is a standout amongst the most innovatively progressive airfield terminals on the planet; however Mps portrayed its opening as a national embarrassment. Throughout the initial five days, BA lost more than 23,000 sacks, crossed out 500 flights and made misfortunes of  £16m (Computer Weekly News, 2008). British Airways administration broke the standards at the exact center of the experimental administration hypothesis all around the arranging and for sure on the day the undertaking was expected for launch. Some staff told news columnists that the issues had been known of for quite a while however the administration decided to disregard them and move ahead with the opening of the terminal without giving genuine regard for the issues. Logical administration is a broadly examined and famous standard in administration and any top administrator particularly one taking a shot at an intricate task like T5 and a mul ti-billion pound co-operation like BA might have gone over this hypothesis and its significance, so there could be no reason that BA CEO Willie Walsh and those around him didnt know of the hypothesis so consequently couldnt matter. The point when rearranged the operations at an airfield terminal are honestly straight forward: get travelers and their gear good and done with flights effectively and securely. British Airways (BA) finished everything except for that. Had the standards of Taylorism been connected the breakdown in correspondence and lack of common sense could have been dodged. On the day a BA agent faulted staff acclimation (Rayner, 2008) with the new framework when inquired as to why they were issues in getting staff screened in for work. Had the administration connected their learning of the hypothesis they could have distinguished these issues and set up together precise courses in which the staff could go about the undertakings, in this way diminishing the measure of perplexity confronted on the day? There are numerous samples of organizations fizzling monetarily or at undertakings, much the same as on account of BA on the grounds that the administrations disappointments to address issues that originate from the precise base of the organizational order. In the event that the administration dont stay in touch with the lesser parts of staff then it gets troublesome to pass messages and guidelines down the pecking request. Disappointment to do this has deplorable outcomes since when issues do emerge there is insufficient time to build that association with get to the way of the issue and discover answers for fix it. The point when there is a great chain of correspondence messages are smoothly passed on from senior administration to staff, as senior administration are the ones who make the sort of choices that experimental administration impacts so they need to assume ownership over their disappointment to execute one of the center standards of admi nistration to such an expansive scale and complex task. However there are a few impairments to consider that may have impacted the senior administration at BA to not utilize exploratory administration, one of these being that ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s not functional when managing aggregations or groups. It was critical that the staff working at Terminal 5 cooperated upon the arrival of the opening however a methodical methodology might not have restricted those alternatives had it been received. Despite the fact that it was a poor choice to not embrace investigative administration there are different methodologies maybe that ought to have been taken a gander at, one of these being Elton Mayos Human Relations hypothesis. The Human Relations hypothesis concentrates on connections between progressions in an association, specialist fulfillment and gainfulness (Sapru, 2006). It is a generally examined and utilized hypothesis as a part of business practice and training so the probability is t hat the administration at BA might have been acquainted with this hypothesis. However the precise fundamental standards at the center of the hypothesis were obviously ignored. For instance, specialists were not given far reaching preparing in the gatherings they might have been working with on the day which implied they were then new to both their surroundings and the individuals they were working with. This can halfway clarify why there was a breakdown in correspondence when attempting to go to client grievances and disappointment to demonstrate the misfortunes of gear. Had the laborers been acquainted with one another they might have known the part that others were completing and additionally the commonality with the individual to have the ability to correspond with them viably? The human relations approach likewise lays a stress on individuals and their inspiration (Pardeep, 2010). In spite of the fact that it was an extensive scale extend and something possibly energizing to be included in, staff was unmistakably not spurred on that specific day. This may be down to the absence of arrangement, with some staff telling the BBC that the occasions on the day were certain and they saw it nearing. Some staff ended up unable to get into the building in view of issues with the security screening framework and despite the fact that they knew alternate representatives were fit to go in; they essentially simply went home without endeavoring to attempt and get into the building. This absence of inspiration and absence of confidence in the arrangement that was placed and set up by administration indicated exactly how inadequately socially composed and the deficiencies of control which was the aftereffect of the disappointment to distinguish and execute these key standards. However there is a confinement as to the Human Relations approachs significance to the opening of Terminal 5. The methodology infers that solid specialist connections are a help for expanded gainfuln ess (Montana and Charnov, 2008) however the framing of such connections is not dependably conceivable preceding individuals cooperating as showed by this case. In spite of the fact that throughout trial runs representatives may have been acquainted with one another, the conditions might not have been the same as it was on the day and the weight might have been distinctive acknowledging the trial runs were essentially trying and any slip-ups wouldnt be expensive however the amassing of these generally little issues advanced to make the calamitous result. It affirms that there is no all-around material methodology to an administration issue however that the necessities of the specific circumstance focus the best approach to the organizational issue. References British Airways reveals what went wrong with Terminal 5. Available from: https://www.computerweekly.com/news/2240086013/British-Airways-reveals-what-went-wrong-with-Terminal-5 [Accessed 24 February 2014]. Clarke, S. (1990). What in the name is Fordism? Available from: https://homepages.warwick.ac.uk/~syrbe/pubs/Fordism.pdf. [Accessed 24 February 2014]. Frederick Taylor and Scientific Management. Available from: https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTMM_Taylor.htm [Accessed 24 February 2014]. Jawad, C. (2014). Critical Perspectives on Management Assignment. Montana, P.J. Charnov, B.H (2008). Management (Fourth Edition). Barrons Educational Series. Hauppauge, New York. pp. 30-39. Pardeep, S. (2010) Administrative Theory. PHI Learning. New Delhi, India. pp. 296. Rayner, G. (2008). Heathrow Terminal 5: It was a shambles as soon as doors opened. Telegraph [Online], (UK News) 28 March. Available from: https://www.telegraph.co.uk [Accessed 24 February 2014]. Sapru, R.K. (2006). Administrative Theories and Management Thought. PHI Learning. New Delhi, India. pp. 144. Thompson, F. (n.d). Fordism, Post-Fordism and the Flexible System of Production. Available from: https://www.wi llamette.edu/~fthompso/MgmtCon/Fordism__Postfordism.html [Accessed 24 February 2014]. Tylecote, A. and Vertova, G. (n.d). The Rise and Decline of Fordism and the Sea-Change in the Technological Advantage of Nations.

Explanation and Chart of Ser Versus Estar

There are few things more confusing for beginning Spanish students than learning the differences between ser and estar. After all, they both mean to be in English. Differences Between Ser and Estar One way to think of the differences between ser and estar  is to think of ser as the passive verb and estar as the active one. (The terms arent being used in a grammatical sense here.) Ser tells you what something is, the nature of its being, while estar refers more to what something does. You might use soy (the first-person present of ser, meaning I am) to explain who or what you are, but youd use estoy (the first-person present of estar) to tell what you are being or doing. For example, you might say, Estoy enfermo for I am sick. That would indicate that you are sick at the moment. But it doesnt tell anyone what you are. Now if you were to say, Soy enfermo, that would have a different meaning entirely. That would refer to who you are, to the nature of your being. We might translate that as I am a sick person or I am sickly. Note similar differences in these examples: Estoy cansado. (I am tired.) Soy cansado. (I am a tired person. My nature is to be tired)Estoy feliz. (Im happy now.) Soy feliz. (I am happy by nature. I am a happy person.)Està ¡ callada. (Shes being quiet.) Es callada. (Shes introverted. Shes naturally a quiet person.)No estoy lista. (Im not ready.) No soy lista. (Im not a quick thinker.) Another Approach to Ser vs. Estar Another way of thinking about the two verbs is to think of ser as being roughly equivalent to equals. Another approach is that estar often refers to a temporary condition, while ser frequently refers to a permanent condition. But there are exceptions. Among the major exceptions to the above way of thinking is that ser is used in expressions of time, such as Son las dos de la tarde for Its 2 p.m. Also, we use estar to indicate someone has died—quite a permanent condition: Està ¡ muerto, he is dead. Along that line, estar is used to indicate location. Estoy en casa. (I am at home.) But, soy de Mà ©xico. (I am from Mexico.) Ser, however, is used for the location of events: La boda es en Nuevo Hampshire. (The wedding is in New Hampshire.) There are also a few idiomatic expressions that simply need to be learned: La manzana es verde. (The apple is green.) La manzana està ¡ verde. (The apple is unripe.) Està ¡ muy bien la comida. (The meal tastes very good). Note that sometimes estar is often modified by an adverb such as bien rather than an adjective: Estoy bien. (Im fine.) Although rare, there are a few situations where you can use either ser or estar. A married man  describing his marital status could say either Soy casado or Estoy casado. He might be more likely to use soy because he considers being married as part of his identity, although he might use estoy to indicate that he had been married recently. Present Conjugation of Ser and Estar Both ser and estar are irregularly conjugated. Heres a chart of the indicative present tense: Pronombre Ser Estar Yo soy estoy Tà º eres està ¡s Él, ella, usted es està ¡ Nosotros somos estamos Vosotros sois està ¡is Ellos, ellas, ustedes son està ¡n Sample Sentences Susana es atenta y con buena comunicacià ³n. (Susana is thoughtful with good communication skills. Ser is used with a personal quality.)Susana està ¡ atenta a la situacià ³n de su amiga. (Susana is attentive to her friends situation. Estar is being used to characterize behavior.)Roberto es nervioso como mi hermano. (Roberto is as nervous of a person as my brother is. Ser is used here for describing what kind of person someone is.)Roberto està ¡ tan nervioso como mi hermano. (Robert is as nervous as my brother is now. Estar is used for an emotional state that is independent of personal qualities.) Quick Takeaways Ser and estar are the two verbs most frequently used as the equivalent of the English to be.Ser typically is used in describing the nature of someone or something.Estar typically is used in referring to a state of being that isnt necessarily innate.

Analysis Of Jamieson s The Double Bind And A Bitch

Jamieson (1995) Beyond the Double Bind, Double Bind Number Four: Femininity/Competence The sixth chapter in Jamieson’s (1995) book Beyond the Double Bind works strictly with the bind of femininity and competence. This is the bind where women have to balance a fine line between feminine and masculine without tipping the scale. If a candidate shows too much femininity, she risks losing brains, and authority. On the other hand, if a candidate is not feminine enough, she becomes too masculine, strong, shrew, and a bitch. According to Jamieson, gender stereotypes and gendered language are factors reinforcing the bind. The more women begin taking posts traditionally held by males, the more people view them as competent leaders. By taking leadership positions, women being to dismantling the standards of the femininity/competence bind. Many double binds exist for female candidates and the femininity/competence bind is more apparent in their representation in the news media. Erika Falk (2013) Clinton and the Playing-the-Gender-Card Metaphor in Campaign News. A recent study by Falk (2013), critically examines the discourse of the playing-the-gender-card metaphor in news coverage of Hillary Clinton from November 1- 8, 2007. The media’s use of the metaphor during this time follows the October Democratic debate, Clinton’s â€Å"Pile On† advertisement, and her speech at her alma mater Wellesley College. Seeking to examine the discourse in the mass media, Falk shows the power the

The impact and benefits of internet on marketing mix free essay sample

Few things have dramatically and immediately impacted our lives and the way many businesses operate more than the development of the Internet. The ways that some marketing activities are performed have changed as businesses have turned to e-commerce. The Internet provides opportunities for an organization to enhance its business in a cost-effective and practical manner. That is, the Internet can be used to conduct marketing research, reach new markets, serve customers better, distribute products faster, solve customer problems, and communicate more efficiently with business partners. The benefit of Internet marketing includes the improved flow of information, new products and customer services, improved availability, improved market transparency. To design and implement a successful e-marketing program, a number of theories, applications, and technologies must be carefully analyzed and understood. In this article the investigator is going to considerer the best Internet marketing ways for the success of business. The main objective of this article is nothing but understanding the impact of Internet on different marketing areas such as product development and service provision, promotion, pricing and distribution channels. We will write a custom essay sample on The impact and benefits of internet on marketing mix or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the article it is demonstrated that when manufacturers connect directly with consumers and shorten the distribution channels, inefficiencies can be eliminated, product delivery time can be decreased, and manufacturers can build closer relationship with consumers. Consumers use the Internet to reduce costs, find products otherwise unavailable, or increase their shopping convenience. Online consumers expect easy,understandable, and secure ordering and payment systems. Customers want assurance that orders will be filled immediately. E-commerce creates value for customers in many ways. Customers are treated as a market of one. They can access a greater variety of products, often at lower prices. The study suggests that businesses should pay special attention to the impacts of the Internet and its uses in marketing to be successful and profitable. Key words: Internet marketing, E-commerce, E-marketing, promotion. Introduction: One of the hottest topics in business and the media today is electronic commerce. The Internet and its graphical interface, the World Wide Web (WWW), are key components of an electronic commerce initiative that is playing an ever-increasing role in the future of the global marketplace. (Honeycutt et al. , 1998) Electronic commerce has been defined as â€Å"any form of business transaction in which the parties interact electronically rather than by physical contact†. (Aldin and Stahre, 2003) Electronic commerce and its application have become everyday discussions and various articles and literature have been written in this regard. Access to the domain of electronic world has become priorities of most of the big and small public and private organizations and as such, managers have encountered new challenges in this field. (Elahi, Sh. and Hassanzadeh, 2009) Using the internet and related technologies to complete significant marketing activities is known as e-marketing or electronic marketing. The ways that some marketing activities are performed have changed as businesses have turned to e-commerce. However, the basic principles of marketing still apply. E-commerce businesses must understand marketing basics and use them effectively in order to be successful and profitable. (Kleindle and Burrow, 2005) The ubiquitous nature of the Internet and its wide global access has made it an extremely effective mode of communication between businesses and customers. The growth of Internet technology has enormous potential as it reduces the costs of product and service delivery and extends geographical boundaries in bringing buyers and sellers together. (Teo, 2005) Additionally, international communications generated by the Internet are likely to result in greater levels of satisfaction between companies and customers. (Kleindle and Burrow, 2005) The Internet provides opportunities for an organization to enhance its business in a cost-effective and practical manner. Chen, S. (2005) That is, the Internet can be used to conduct marketing research, reach new markets, serve customers better, distribute products faster, solve customer problems, and communicate more efficiently with business partners. Turban and King, (2003) Quality benefits of e-commerce use could include the improved flow of information, new products and customer services, improved availability, improved market transparency and reduced errors in information processing. (Lewis and Cockrill, 2002) The Internet is also a useful tool for Correspondinggathering intelligence on customers, competitors, and potential markets, as well as communicating information about companies and/or products. (Kleindle and Burrow, 2005) The Importance of the E-Business Customers: Customers are the lifeblood of a business. They decide whether to purchase a companys products or the products of a competitor. They may be persuaded to try a product once. If satisfied, they are more likely to purchase from the company again. They may encourage friends and family to buy as well. Companies with satisfied customers are likely to be successful. Those that are unable to satisfy customers will soon fail. One of the most important tasks of marketing is to identify prospective customers for a company. The activities needed to attract customers include marketing research and promotion that gets the attention and interest of new prospects. Also important are some types of incentive to encourage customers to make their first purchase and follow-up activities that ensure customer satisfaction. Any concerns the customer has about the product must be identified and resolved. Companies that have clearly identified their potential customers can concentrate their marketing resources on those prospects. (Kleindle and Burrow, 2005) Customers Characteristics: There are certain types of consumers who are likely to be internet customers. They are people who are comfortable with technology and innovation. An innovation is a new and unique product, process, or idea. Most people are reluctant to try something that is totally new. However, a small percentage of the population (about two percent) is considered to be innovators. Innovators want to be the first to try new products. When businesses began selling products online, innovators were their first customers. However, if the business expects consumers to use the internet to purchase its products, marketing efforts should be directed toward innovators and early adopters. (Kleindle and Burrow, 2005) Various profiles of Internet shoppers suggest their median age to be in the range 30-35; mostly single (59%) and having a college degree (57%). (Kiang et al. , 2000) Every business has access to thousands and sometimes hundreds of thousands of consumers. A business needs to develop an effective method of identifying those consumers who are most likely to purchase. It should concentrate its marketing efforts on attracting and satisfying those customers. (Kleindle and Burrow, 2005) Impacts of Internet on Marketing Mix: Although there has been a trend toward the new marketing approaches used in e-commerce, this is not to say that traditional marketing concepts cannot be applied. The conventional four Ps of marketing, product, price, promotion and place, are as relevant to online businesses as offline ones. However, e-commerce brings new issues that must be considered and may require a rethinking of the existing marketing mix. E-commerce technologies offer new product/service and new placing options as well as new pricing strategies. However, one of the biggest effects has been on promotion. Chen, S. (2005) Product: The primary reason people purchase from a business is directly related to its products. (Kleindle and Burrow, 2005) Product characteristics play a major role in the successful marketing of a product on the Internet. (Kiang et al. , 2000) The form of some products is modified with the use of the internet. Electronic books, e-tickets, digital photographs, and online bill paying are examples of changes in the form of traditional products. Some consumers find the new forms more satisfying while others prefer the products in their original forms. (Kleindle and Burrow, 2005) There is a broad range of products marketed on the Internet that range from consumable goods to durable goods. Services marketed on the Internet also range from online newspapers tobusiness-wide consultation. (Kiang et al. , 2000) Digital Products: Digital technology has allowed businesses to develop a new generation of products. Companies develop and market a variety of digital products. Those products are designed for both business and consumer markets. Two categories of digital products are content and technology. Digital content consists of information in digital format including video, audio, text, and graphics. The content is converted to business and consumer products such as newspapers, magazines, online games, photos, graphics, and videos. Digital technology is the equipment used by businesses and consumers to develop, store, distribute, and use digital content. The technology ranges from digital video and audio equipment to cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and computer software. (Kleindle and Burrow, 2005) Digital Services: Just as services are a major offering of traditional businesses, digital services are equally important in e-commerce. Digital services are developed and marketed to both businesses and final consumers. Categories of digital services are business-support services, consumer services, and digital communications services. Business-support services are the activities that support businesses in developing and delivering digital products and services. Business-support services include web design, web site hosting and management services, and digital content production (such as video, audio, and multimedia development). Consumer services are the activities that support consumer access to and use of internet resources and digital information. Common consumer services are internet service providers (ISPs), information portals, and media distributors such as digital television and radio stations. Digital communications services provide management of the technology and procedures that support business and consumer virtual communications. (Kleindle and Burrow, 2005) Developing Products for E-Commerce: The development of personal computers, the internet, and digital technology has generated opportunities for new products. Many existing products can be marketed more widely to prospective customers. Additionally, many new-to-the-world products have been developed as a result of recent technologies. The internet allows companies to mass customize a wide range of products. Examples of products that are being custom manufactured include eyewear, clothing, golf clubs, bicycles, fishing rods, and CDs. Smaller businesses use customization to gain competitive advantage. Larger businesses use customization to lower costs. Customers receive and pay for only the features they need. (Kleindle and Burrow, 2005) Nike offers online shoppers the opportunity to customize a running shoe, personalizing such features as the outsole, the amount of cushioning, and the width. The personalized shoe costs about $10 more than buying a comparable—but not custom—shoe off the shelves of the local Nile retailer. Shoppers are also able to personalize mens and womens dress pants and mens dress shirts at Landsend. com. Heiligtag and Xu, (2006). Price: Price is another stimulus that for most consumers has a high impact on the online purchase. Fagerstron and Ghinea, (2011) Marketing pricing is still what it was, the price that customers are willing to pay, based on considerations such as the company, brand, reputation and product. The difference that e-commerce makes is that pricing and competitor information is faster and more transparent, meaning that market forces also tend to act faster and perhaps more efficiently. There is thus a tendency for prices to converge at lower levels. Harris and Dennis, (2002) Theory development in e-pricing has largely focused on price competition and price sensitivity online relative to offline. The widespread belief that search costs are lower online has sparked much interest among researchers in finding ways of lowering online price consciousness and creating differentiation. Mahajan and Venkatesh, (2000) As Peterson et al. stated Internet-related marketing can result in extreme price competition when products or services are incapable of significant differentiation. (Kiang et al. , 2000) Price-based Strategies: Businesses that focus on gaining market share by selling at low prices or at prices that fluctuate with market demand are using a pricing strategy. Greater efficiency allows some businesses to sell at lower prices because of lower overall costs. Cost savings result when a business does not need brick-and-mortar assets, when fewer employees are needed, and when technology is used to reach and serve customers. Customers save money, time, and energy when they can use the internet to aid in the search and purchase process. Pricing decisions are particularly critical for the e-business as there is a customer perception that prices should be lower online than otherwise. Harris and Dennis, (2002) The internet increases customer negotiation power. Customers can easily find and compare prices among suppliers. Customers can use software-based search systems called intelligent shopping agents that return product and price information. My Simon uses intelligent shopping agents to provide price and product comparisons. Intelligent shopping agents are useful for comparing products that have similar features and multiple vendors. (Kleindle and Burrow, 2005) Promotion: Businesses use a promotional mix to reach their objectives. A promotional mix includes advertising, personal selling, sales promotions, and hypermedia. Today, most e-commerce promotional campaigns require a combination of traditional methods and hypermedia. Reliance on hypermedia alone may not allow a company to reach its goals. Each element of the promotional mix has strengths for reaching specific communication goals. An integrated marketing-communication strategy brings together multiple media to reach desired goals. Hypermedia are strongest in the areas of creating interest and desire, but can also be used to facilitate action such as opting into a list or making a purchase. Hypermedia enhances the visibility of firms and creates new business opportunities. Hypermedia also save money and time and allow businesses to reach new customers. (Kleindle and Burrow, 2005) Online Advertising: Promotional placement in a medium is known as advertising. The internet is the fastest-growing advertising medium. It took only five years to reach 50 million users. To reach this level of growth, radio took 38 years, television took 13 years, and cable took 10 years. (Kleindle and Burrow, 2005) In traditional marketing, advertising was impersonal, one-way mass communication, paid for by sponsors. Telemarketing and direct mail were attempts to personalize advertisement in order to make it more effective. These direct marketing approaches worked fairly well but were expensive and slow and seldom truly one-to-one interactive. The Internet introduces the concept of interactive marketing, which has enabled advertisers to interact directly with customers. Turban, E. , King, D. (2003) It allows information to be accessed without geographical location constraints and offers the possibility of delivering messages enhanced by color, sound and animation effects, as well as two-way interactions. The interactive nature of the internet facilitated customer support and market activities to a greater degree than traditional media. Kurtz and Boone, (2006) In interactive marketing, a consumer can click on an ad in order to obtain more information or send an e-mail to ask a question. Beside the two-way communication and e-mail capabilities provided by Internet, vendors also can target specific groups and individuals on which they want to spend their advertising dollars. Double Click is the premier company in this area. Finally, the Internet enables truly one-to-one advertising. Banner Ads: A banner is a graphic display on a web page that is used for advertising. Banner advertising is the most commonly used form of advertising on the Internet. Fagerstron and Ghinea, (2011) Banner ads are typically small strip messages placed in high-visibility areas of frequently visited Web sites. Heiligtag, J. , Xu, J. (2006) Banner ads act like placement ads in print media. To catch a viewers eye, banner ads are now using animation, java programming, and multimedia. Banner ads are useful in creating awareness of products and in communicating information about them. (Kleindle and Burrow, 2005) Place Distribution: Distribution is an important part of any marketing transaction. It usually involves several businesses. It may take many days or weeks of numerous activities. Distribution is expensive. It can account for 50 percent or more of a products final price. Distribution activities do not disappear when a business moves to an e-commerce strategy. (Kleindle and Burrow, 2005) Distribution is a vital decision area for the e-business for three reasons. First, relatively small local companies can widen their market and even export. Second, many e-businesses aim to gain competitive advantage by using e-systems to de-layer the distribution chain. For example, Dell supplies customers directly, rather than through distributors, wholesalers or retailers. Third, distribution is an area where some e-businesses have been severally criticized for failing to deliver customer service. Harris and Dennis, (2002) E-Commerce Distribution: Marketing channel intermediaries were in the early days of electronic commerce considered to add only cost and limited value, where upstream participants pursuing electronic commerce strategies threatened such intermediaries by attempting to bypass them. Aldin, Stahre, (2003) Using the Internet, manufacturers can sell directly to customers and provide customer support online. In this sense, the traditional intermediaries are eliminated, or disintermediated. Disintermediation refers to the removal of organizations or business process layers responsible for certain intermediary steps in a given supply chain. In some countries, such as Japan, one may find inefficient distribution networks with as many as 10 layers of intermediaries. These extra layers can add as much as a 500 percent markup to the manufacturers’ prices. Turban, E. , King, D. (2003) The top categories of items sold by larger firms on the Internet include computer hardware and software, airline and hotel reservations, financial services, collectibles, books, CDs and gift items. The most successful and profit-making large sites include Dell, Expedia, E*TRADE, e-Bay, Yahoo! and Amazon. However not all goods and services are suited to direct sale over the Internet. In many sectors the Web represents another channel or source of information supporting sales by other means. Few high value items such as cars are traded over the Internet, but many sites provide information of interest to car purchasers. Similarly there are many sites for real estate, but few direct purchasers of homes over the Internet. Drew, S. (2003) Jupiter Communications studies show that the largest industries involved in Internet shopping in the USA were, in decreasing order: travel, PC hardware, groceries, gifts/flowers, books, PC software, tickets, music and clothing. Elliot, S. , Fowell, S. (2000) Dell Computer has established itself as one of the world’s most successful e-tailors by profitably selling its computers directly to millions of consumers over the Internet. Turban, E. , King, D. (2003) Comparing Traditional and E-Commerce Distribution: Whereas past channel research has focused primarily on order fulfillment (i. e. , physical distribution) through the retail channel, it is now necessary to distinguish between online and offline channels and between the channels’ role for order procurement and order fulfillment. For products distributed through the Internet, the channel for order fulfillment may be short as with direct delivery. But the channel for order procurement is often long with intermediaries such as Internet service providers, search engines and infobots. Mahajan and Venkatesh, R. (2000) When consumers become regular internet purchasers, their perspectives regarding distribution often change. Consumers use the internet to reduce costs, find products otherwise unavailable, or increase their shopping convenience. Internet customers typically expect service 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Quick access to customer-support information regarding products, prices, and shipping options is expected. Because the speed of the internet is almost immediate, customers tend to expect the speed of distribution to be fast as well. Customers may be unwilling to wait days or weeks for product delivery. Online consumers expect easy, understandable, and secure ordering and payment systems. Customers want assurance that orders will be filled immediately. They want an easy, low-cost way to return a purchase if it does not meet their needs. (Kleindle and Burrow, 2005) Value in an Electronic Marketplace: Consumers make decisions about value based on how they will use available resources to satisfy their needs and wants. At its most basic, value is the benefits that customers receive given the costs (in money, time, and energy). (Kleindle and Burrow, 2005) Value seems to have an effect on a consumer’s consumption behavior, pricing, profit making and other strategic decisions of the firm. It is used to gain competitive advantage and to create loyalty, satisfaction and repurchase behavior. Therefore, value is a complex concept, which is greatly affected by individual and contextual aspects. Value is an important means of gaining competitive advantage. Thus, it is significant for managers to understand what value is, how it is created and how it could be added. Reijonen, H. , Laukkanen, t. (2010) E-commerce creates value for customers in many ways. Customers are treated as a market of one. Businesses create value by providing quality goods and services at acceptable prices. Service businesses are enhancing how they deliver their service. Customers can access a greater variety of products, often at lower prices. The most important value for many online shoppers is convenience. One study found that consumers saved almost 64 hours per year by shopping online. (Kleindle and Burrow, 2005) The e-business value for the customer consists of four variables: service, price, and quality and fulfillment time. Chen, S. (2005) Satisfaction: The internet provides many opportunities for companies to increase economic utility and, therefore, customer satisfaction. The most obvious forms of improved utility are time and place. Information can be accessed and products can be purchased any time of the day or night. Purchasing can be completed from the consumers home. Amazon. com is scoring satisfaction levels never before seen in a service industry. Amazon. com is applying its value-creation process used with books to many other products. Amazon. com e-commerce applications set value levels so high that customer expectations are increasing not only for Amazon. com but for all businesses. The main technologies that e-commerce businesses use to add value are the internet and databases. The internet allows access to e-commerce communication platforms. Databases allow products to be searched and viewed, questions to be answered, and products to be ordered, all in a fast and convenient timeframe. At one time, online-only companies were the only businesses using these technologies. Today, traditional businesses are adding e-commerce strategies to their marketing mixes. When e-commerce is combined with popular brand names and high levels of service, traditional businesses achieve competitive advantages. (Kleindle and Burrow, 2005) Conclusion: This paper describes the ways that some marketing activities are performed as businesses have turned to e-commerce. Findings show that the growth of Internet technology has enormous potential for businesses. There are certain types of consumers who are likely to be internet customers. They are people who are comfortable with technology and innovation. If the business expects consumers to use the internet to purchase its products, marketing efforts should be directed toward innovators and early adopters. Internet brings new issues that must be considered and may require a rethinking of the existing marketing mix. The internet allows companies to mass customize a wide range of products. Internet makes pricing and competitor information faster and more transparent, meaning that market forces also tend to act faster and perhaps more efficiently. The Internet introduces the concept of interactive marketing, which has enabled advertisers to interact directly with customers. It allows information to be accessed without geographical location constraints and offers the possibility of delivering messages enhanced by color, sound and animation effects, as well as two-way interactions. Using the Internet, manufacturers can sell directly to customers and provide customer support online. In this sense, the traditional intermediaries are eliminated, or disintermediated. It is significant for managers to understand what value is, how it is created and how it could be added. The internet provides many opportunities for companies to increase economic utility and, therefore, customer satisfaction.

Lone Wolf free essay sample

Evaluate a significant experience, achievement, risk you have taken, or ethical dilemma you have faced and its impact on you. My mother—a single parent—works as a civil servant of Bhutan: due to her occupational hazards, I was entitled to attend boarding school and travel alone at a young age. Ever since I started to attend boarding school—in the sixth grade I have been travelling alone from Bhutan to Calcutta to Chennai. Normally, a parent would not succumb to such an act, but ever since I could so much as think, I knew I was not a normal child. I stopped giving in to horror movies once I realized they were fake, addendum: the fake 100 Ngultrum bills my mother would hide under my pillow whenever I lost a tooth. I could understand most of the complex and foul languages used in conversations unlike my other classmates—maybe it was the outcome of the vast array of books that have kept me company in my lonely flights to, and fro, Bhutan and India. We will write a custom essay sample on Lone Wolf or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I was more mature than the others my age. School had just ended and I was on my way back to Bhutan. From Chennai, I had to stop by Calcutta and take the first plane to Bhutan in the morning, which was around twelve hours away. Normally, the airport would allow transit passengers waiting long flights to take shelter indoors, but on this particular day, due to certain circumstances—to this day I still don’t understand—I was told to wait outside. You would normally think it being cruel to have an innocent thirteen year-old boy standing out†¦ but it is India. I was anxious, the battery on my phone died due to excessive gaming to pass the long waiting hours in the airport, I could not call anyone. This was the first time this had happened to me and I felt constricted. I checked my wallet and noticed I had a few thousand rupees, which equaled to less than $75 at the time. I sat down on my bags, and thought of the possibilities that might have me survive the night. I asked and begged the guards to let me in, I showed them my tickets and my passport, yet they refused and told me to wait until the morning. This has never happened before. Had I grown or looked older? I got frustrated and so I asked one of the—with the little Hindi I know—guards for a cheap hotel anywhere nearby. He introduced me to this shabby taxi driver with crooked brown teeth, ragged clothes and grey hair, almost balled. He took me to a hotel, ten minutes drive away from the airport and charged me 500 rupees. I knew I was being ripped off, probably because of my age, but I did not want to offend them in anyway as I had reserved them to pick me up the next day for the same price. The hotel was in the shadiest part of town, pitch black with drunks walking around swearing abruptly in Hindi. I grabbed a hold of my items, checked into the hotel (which was 1200 rupees for the night) and locked myself in. The fan above my head creaked boisterously, shrouding the unceasing barks of dogs and the unending noise of drunken men enjoying their evening debauchery. The lemon yellow paint was peeling off the wet walls and the fan looked like it was going to drop. I lay on my bed anxious and wondering how I got myself into this sketchy situation. I wanted to go home. The next morning, the taxi driver had never left the area, as he seemed to have just slept in his car. He carried my luggage and placed them into the trunk and I jumped in on the front seat, as there seemed to be a drunken man sleeping on the back. The driver sat in the front seat, trying to converse with me in Hindi despite knowing that I know very little of the language as he drove me to the airport. As I left for the airport and headed home, along with a sense of relief, I also felt proud of myself. These isolated experiences show you that in the end you have to depend on yourself and how important it is to have a cool head and your wits about you. My sense of independence may not have been entirely derived from this stand-alone experience but it is sharply etched in my memory and as an effect has made me a braver and stronger person. As an unintended consequence, I had to take a big risk and in the end I believe I handled it very well. Independence means making strong and alert decisions even in the most harrowing of times.

The relative importance of imperialism, the arms race and the failure of diplomacy in causing the First World War Essays

The relative importance of imperialism, the arms race and the failure of diplomacy in causing the First World War Essays The relative importance of imperialism, the arms race and the failure of diplomacy in causing the First World War Paper The relative importance of imperialism, the arms race and the failure of diplomacy in causing the First World War Paper Essay Topic: World War I Historians are still today debating on what actually caused World War One. This is because the actual origin was a combination of many different factors. Short-term as well as long-term causes influenced the outfall of events, however some are more important than others. What is mainly agreed on1 is that Germany was the nation most to blame, however most of the more influential nations of Europe were somehow involved in the conflict. England, France, Russia, and Austria-Hungary didnt stumble into the war like Germany, but they all played an important role. Many historians have used the phrase stumbled into war to describe how Germany inevitably ended up in a total war against her neighboring countries. Unlike previous conflicts in history, more than two or three nations were involved, which is mainly due to the many alliances made in the years before. What makes it even more difficult to determine the origin of the war is that several non-human factors, like nationalism and imperialism, had key roles in developing the events that took place. The politicians and military leaders of the European nations were influenced by these ideas and therefore directed their nations almost inevitably into a major crisis, as it came out. This leads to the human factors of the war, like the arms race and the failure of diplomacy taking place during the beginning of the 20th century. Therefore I must stress that it was the combination of all these factors that eventually made this cataclysmic total war spread throughout Europe. The July Crisis as it later came known was the drop that made the glass flow over, but any other similar event could have had the same outcome. The European powers were so tense and aggressive, and some even thought about revenge from previous wars2, or simply to expand their territory. In this essay I will evaluate the relative importance of imperialism, the arms race, and the failure of diplomacy as origins for World War One. Appropriate events and theories have been taken as examples for each of these three categories, to compare the significance of each. 3 Body Imperialism During the industrialization of the 19th century, all great European powers consumed vast amounts of natural resources to supply the many factories emerging in the industries. However since these natural resources are limited in abundance within Europe, these overseas empires, as for example Britain, France, Spain, and later Germany, sought beyond towards other continents in search for colonies. The colonies then provided their mother country with the natural resources needed in the rapidly spreading industrialization. In Germany this development was known as Weltpolitik4 and later became the term used to describe the overseas expansionism that European leaders sought to achieve. These ideas became stronger in the 20th century and drove the European powers into several conflicts. Several times between 1898 and 1914 the economic rivalry in Africa between France and Great Britain, and between Germany on one side and France and Great Britain on the other, almost precipitated a European war. 5 Most significant were the conflicts in the Balkans between Russia, Austria-Hungary and the Balkan nations. Imperialist Austria-Hungary sought to influence the Balkan nations and annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1908 after thirty years of remote administration. But nationalistic movements in the Balkans led to two Balkan Wars in 1912 and 1913. The first war was an uprising against Austria-Hungary, which was crushed. The Second Balkan War was fought between Bulgaria and most other Balkan nations. Although Bulgaria was overwhelmed and the war ended rapidly, no single nation was satisfied with the post war negotiations creating more tension. As an origin of World War One this is significant because the tension in the Balkans became crucial in the summer of 1914. When Crown Prince Ferdinand (heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne) was assassinated in Sarajevo, Austria-Hungary was forced into war with Serbia. This clashed with Russian interests, and when Germany declared full support to Austria-Hungary6, it left Russia in a vulnerable situation, eventually having to mobilize herself. Therefore the imperialist desires of Austria-Hungary led the nation into serious conflicts in the Balkans, and eventually created the most important short-term cause for World War One. Therefore imperialism did have influence as an origin of war, as it became the mentality of the leaders of the European powers, and in this case forced Austria-Hungary and Russia into protecting national interests. Although imperialism itself was a long-term cause of war, it played a significant role in creating the short-term causes. It is agreed among historians that the importance of imperialism rested in the fact that it left the politicians fewer options to deal with regarding diplomacy. This conflict later became known as the July Crisis. 7 Arms Race Not only colonies measured the strength and prestige of European empires. The emerging industries of the 19th centuries provided the nations with significant armies and weapons of destruction. As imperialism became a significant part of the political agendas in the beginning of the 20th century, the great nations attempted to show their strength through developing great armies. With Germany becoming a significant power after 1872, the European balance of power was tipped off. This triggered an arms race between the leading nations, France, England, Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary. With vast amounts of industries being brought in from colonies and produced within Europe, the countries were able to produce great amounts of war material. Especially the continental armies of Germany and Russia were competing in numbers. As Russia was becoming an industrial nation, it wouldnt take many years for her to surpass match the might of the German army (if not the superb efficiency and leadership). Therefore the German military leaders, under pressure from the Triple Entente8, had to calculate the risks of war. The conclusion came to be that if a war was to come between Germany and Russia, then rather sooner than later. 9 Germanys Weltpolitik aimed to turn Germany into an overseas empire. In order to achieve this Germany would need a considerable navy to compete with Britain. Combined with the economic pride of the German people, the German government embarked on the task to build a respectable navy. This would both help Germany defend overseas interests in for example Africa, and also as a defense against the mighty British navy in the North Sea. Hence a naval competition emerged between Britain and Germany. Admiral Fisher of the British Navy calculated in 1907 that it would take Germany several years to match the British fleet, especially considering the newly designed Dreadnought battleships. Truly, in 1914 Germany only had thirteen Dreadnoughts versus Britains twenty10. The consequence of this large-scale arms race was international anarchy in Europe. Calculating war risks and making alliances were becoming constantly discussed subjects in European governments. When five great nations all strive to create large armies, it is obvious that war will become inevitable sooner or later. In 1914 the short-term cause happened to be the July Crisis, but it could in theory have been any other critical occasion. Therefore it is important to observe the military tension developing between the nations, and the significance of diplomacy to balance the power. The diplomatic failures in the years leading to the Great War are therefore to be considered as well. Failure of Diplomacy As Germany was quickly becoming a very powerful force in the center of Europe, the surrounding nations were becoming doubtful of their national security. Therefore several military alliances were made between nations to contain rivals. The Triple Alliance of 1882 between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy was still in effect at the beginning of the 20th century. To counter-balance this, France and Russia made agreements in 1892-94 to support each other in the event of war. Strategically placed on both sides of Germany, Russia and France posed a threat to the German empire. In 1904 Britain and France make a military understanding known as the Entente Cordiale. This was another measure to protect overseas interests as well as a balance against Germany. To complete the containment of Germany, Russia and Britain make a similar agreement in 1907. Obviously this posed a serious threat to Germany, as she was not only threatened on two fronts, but also by the greatest navy in the world. This only encouraged Germany to continue the rapid production of military equipment, and to further enlarge the German Navy as well. Diplomacy also played an important role in the July Crisis of 1907. When Prince Ferdinand was assassinated in 1914, Germany immediately promised Austria-Hungary unconditional support. This furthermore threatened Russia, who would risk war with two nations on her front in a worse case scenario. Yet the conflict could have been settled with diplomacy at this point, but it failed terribly. In July 23 1914 Austria issued an ultimatum to Serbia, proposing to enter the nation with troops, to help investigate the assassination. Unfortunately Serbia was only granted 48 hours to reply to this proposal, which didnt seem in any way realistic. Having Austrian troops within Serbia would not end the domination that already existed, on the other hand it almost seemed like an invasion. So Serbia did not accept the proposal. This seems to be the main diplomatic failure of the July Crisis. It was for one thing a very short notice the Serbs were allowed to work with, another thing is that it was unacceptable. Serbia was forced to pick sides between Russia, a nation with strong interests in the Balkans, and the Austria-Hungary, with clashing ambitions. It therefore seems like Austria-Hungary almost provoked the war with Serbia, leading to war with Russia. Surely the Austrian diplomats did not strive to avoid it. 11 Now Germany didnt seem to want to solve the crisis, instead she mobilized her army, and thereby forced Russia into full-scale mobilization12. Germany knew that a war on two fronts was inevitable, and therefore created the Schlieffen Plan to counter it. This also shows how Germany was calculating risks, and had been doing so for years. It is therefore applicable to consider the statement that Germany stumbled into war. She did not try to avoid it by negotiating, but did the exact opposite, provoked it. Therefore the failure of diplomacy was a significant factor towards the cataclysmic event that was triggered in July 1914. However, the aggressive sentiments created by the arms race combined with expansionist ideas, left the politicians with very few possibilities in the time of crisis. Conclusion The three origins of war evaluated in this essay were not significantly different in importance. It was the combination of the several factors that pushed the different nations into war. The arms race created strong military tension; the many alliances pushed off the balance of power and further accelerated the arms race, and the imperialist ideas influenced the decision making of the military leaders in critical situations. The situation created in Europe was not to last for very long, and maybe was the only way to achieve a more stable balance between the great nations. One can question the fact if war could have been avoided, but it is very hard to determine as so many different factors influenced the course of events. Many historians actually believe that war is the ultimate test of mankind to lead the evolution of strong nations and end the reign of weaker ones. In some ways it makes sense considering that Austro-Hungarian Empire consequently came to an end, and many other changes could be seen on the European map after the Great War. Germany was forced down to her knees and lost much territory to France and Russia, however she managed to regain her strength in such a way that she eventually invaded most of Europe thirty years later. 13 Therefore the relative importance of the three evaluated origins is that they all combined and pushed the European powers into the cataclysmic war that defined the end of the Old World. 1

A review on delay-minimized routing protocol in mobile cognitive ad hoc networks

A review on delay-minimized routing protocol in mobile cognitive ad hoc networks Mobile Cognitive Ad Hoc Networks is one of the cognitive radio networks which is the advanced networking technologies for spectrum scarcity problem constrain in the Federal Communication Commission (FCC). The cognitive radio networks are the cognitive network which abjects its network parameters with respect to the network environment. In cognitive radio network two users namely the primary and secondary or cognitive users will access the available spectrum to communicate each other when the spectrum is accessed by the primary user the secondary user must leave the spectrum and access the spectrum when spectrum holes available for transmission. So routing is challenging issues in cognitive networks and it is very challenging in mobile cognitive networks due to the node mobility, primary user interface and spectrum scarcity in this paper some routing protocols based on mobile ad hoc cognitive networks and a review on the delay-Minimized routing protocol are presented. Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN) is the new technology used to overcome the spectrum scarcity problem in current wireless networks by the Federal Communication Commission (FCC). In cognitive radio network is a network which has primary and secondary users which access the network based on Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA). The primary user is the licensed user and secondary user is unlicensed user when the licensed user is accessing the spectrum the unlicensed user are not allowed so the secondary user has to sense the spectrum periodically to find the presence of primary user, presence of primary user is in dynamic in nature so the spectrum holes created by primary user is dynamic so the Cognitive user uses the DSA. While using the DSA routing is the challenging in cognitive radio networks. Classification of Cognitive radio networks Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN) is of infrastructure and infrastructure less, in infrastructure network it has a fixed structure like base station primary users secondary users and so on, in infrastructure network it has no fixed structure. Centralized and Decentralized networks the Centralized network is the network in which has on the base station in the central and have primary users are present. The decentralized network is the network which has no centralized base station and has the secondary users to communicate and primary users Static and dynamic networks the static networks the position of the base station, primary users and secondary users are fixed but in the dynamic (Ad-Hoc) the position on primary users and the secondary user will change (Mobility is nature). Routing in Cognitive radio networks Routing in Cognitive radio networks is based on available spectrum and knowledge of spectrum to nodes in the network. Routing solutions for the Cognitive radio networks are of two types one is Full Spectrum Knowledge routing and second is Local Spectrum Knowledge routing. Local Spectrum Knowledge routing has Minimum Power Routing, Minimum Delay-based Routing, Maximum Throughput-based Routing, Geographic Routing and Class-based Routing. Spectrum-Aware Routing (SPEAR) Spectrum-Aware Routing (SPEAR) is an on-demand and link-based protocol support end-to-end throughput by integration of flow-based and link-based approaches, it used RREQ for route discovery by control channels it takes decisions with the collaboration of PHY and MAC layers it handles mobility issues with Timeout field in periodic channel reservations messages. It takes the best path by maximum throughput, minimum hop count and link quality it has a communication overhead by route setup and route tear down. Spectrum-Aware Mesh Routing (SAMER) Spectrum-Aware Mesh Routing (SAMER) is a link state routing protocol with a minimum hop count and spectrum availability it gives end-to-end thought with the path with high spectrum availability, long-term stability and short-term opportunistic utilization of spectrum. The routing decisions are taken by PHY and MAC layers. Spectrum-Aware On-Demand Routing Protocol (SORP) Spectrum-Aware On-Demand Routing Protocol (SORP) is an AODV protocol with control channel which uses the path delay and node delay (switching and back off delay) for path selection. In route discovery phase RREQ message is broadcast with an SOP append in the packet the control channel exchange the routing protocol messages and it gives end-to-end thought put SORP doesn’t have link failure handling mechanism. Multi-hop Signal-transceiver Cognitive Radio Network Routing Protocol (MSCRP) Multi-hop Signal-transceiver Cognitive Radio Network Routing Protocol (MSCRP) is an AODV protocol with on control channel. It is a spectrum aware routing and leaves/ joins messages of the nodes so it has the communication overhead of RREQ. In the route discovery phase, all nodes append their sate information and available channels set. The routing decision is taken with the collaboration of MA C, Physical and Network Layers. Routing in Opportunistic Cognitive Radio Networks Routing in Opportunistic Cognitive Radio Networks is an on-demand graph-structured network protocol which uses the routing metric based on the probabilistic definition of available capacity over channel it has no link failure handling capacity and it discovers the route by using OSPF, Dijkstra-link algorithm. By using this Dijkstra-link algorithm it gives end-to-end throughput Local Coordination Based Routing and Spectrum assignment in Multi-hop Cognitive Radio Networks Local Coordination Based Routing and Spectrum assignment in Multi-hop Cognitive Radio Networks is a modified version of AODV which is on-demand routing protocol it has full mesh topology which uses channel scanning and beacon broadcast for neighbor discovery with control channel used for load balancing in routing. The route discovery is done by using RREQ and route decision is based on MAC and Network Layer. It has a link failure handling capability which gives less end-to-end delay and performance. Multipath Routing and Spectrum Access (MRSA) Multipath Routing and Spectrum Access (MRSA) is Mesh routing protocol based on round robin fashion data striping with minimum hop count by route discovery with control channel, Broadcasting RREQ messages. The messages sent to nodes periodically it can handle path failures by sending RERR messages and it has a communication overhead based on multiple flows on a single radio. Cognitive Tree-based Routing (CTBR) Cognitive Tree-based Routing (CTBR) is the tree-based routing protocol with centralized routing it broadcast the root announcement (RANN) message periodically with a packet and used cumulative metric for path selection. It selects the path based on local and global decision schemes. It does not have a route recovery mechanism to handle link failure s and it has a control bytes transmission overhead. Fault-Tolerant Cognitive Ad-Hoc Routing Protocol (FTCARP) It is a fast and efficient routing protocol for route recovery in presence of path failures during data delivery. It uses different route recovery mechanisms for different path failures. Cognitive Destination Sequence Distance Vector (C-DSDV) Protocol It is a table-driven routing protocol. To optimize the system performance of multi-hop CR ad-hoc networks by using multichannel routing table are updated immediately when there is a change in channels the techniques is that combines the routing and channel allocation. In route discover phase common control channel use to broadcast the route updating in the routing table in this protocol best path selection is based on sequence number. In C-DSDV channel switching is used to improve the system performances. If there are more primary users routing overhead will be increased Cognitive Ad-Hoc On-demand Distance Vector (C-AODV) Protocol Cognitive Ad-Hoc On-demand Distance Vector (C-AODV) Protocol is based on AODV a wireless network protocol it is designed according to avoid primary users activates regains for routing formation and packet discovery. It gives the minimized route cost by forwarding packets through the joint pat h and channel selection at each node it takes the advantage of the availability of multiple channels to improve the overall performances. SER-Spectrum and Energy Aware Routing Protocol SER is an on-demand routing protocol which provides high throughput in multi-hop networks it selects an energy efficient route and assigns channels and timeslots for a connection request. The communication segment assignment algorithm is used for balances traffic load among the CR users. In route discovery phase it broadcasts Route Request Messages to other nodes so it has routing overhead of RRE, RREP, RERR and ROP messages. GYMKHANA Protocol GYMKHANA is an on-demand routing protocol and an enhanced version of AODV used the GYMKHANA algorithm using virtual graphs and evaluate the cost by using the Laplacian matrix. It has a secondary user’s self-interference overhead. UNITED NODE Protocol UNITED NODE Protocol is a distributed and efficient based interference-aware routing protocol. It incorporates the spectrum availability cost and interference metrics into the routing algorithm to find better routes between the nodes it repairs routes by using route preservation method. It provides adaptability to the environment and increases throughput and reduces data delivery latency. DELAY-MINIMIZED ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR MOBILE COGNITIVE RADIO Ad-Hoc NETWORKS POPCORN Protocol ROPCORN Protocol is the on-demand routing protocol which was designed for data transportation using link modeling and used to minimized delay for a set of users in the network. It broadcast the packets in link with the low cost and no primary user is affected. POPCORN is based on RACON protocol it uses buffers in the intermediate nodes and forwards the packets there is no overhead due to the use of spectrum availability and load estimation, the optimal route selection is based on the spatial or temporal locality of link disconnection. SEARCH A Routing Protocol It is the on-demand routing protocol and an enhanced version of AODV which is based on the geographic routing and follows the greedy forwarding and PU avoidance for joint channel-path optimization algorithm to find the best path. SEARCH undertakes both the path and selection to avoid PU activity region and tries to maintain end-to-end latency it has routing overhead due to the RRE, RREP, RERR and ROP messages. Link Prediction-Based Ad aptive Routing Link Prediction-Based Adaptive Routing is based on the link-availability prediction. The link –availability prediction considers primary user activity and user mobility. This routing reduces the energy consumption and gives the least delay by enhances network performance. It works based on link prediction and topology control Joint Routing and Channel Assignment Joint Routing and Channel Assignment (JRCA) approach based on delay prediction and a heuristic algorithm which used the collision probability and Link Stability Prediction. It is an on-demand routing protocol which user AODV type of routing with heuristic values and can find out the path with minimal end-to-end (e2e) delay. Adaptive Delay Tolerant Routing Protocol (ADTRP) The ADTRP algorithm finds a stable sequence of instances of the mobile graph and the communication topology of interest such that the number of transitions from one instance of the topology to another in the sequence is the global minimum. The algorithm uses the average lifetime of the mobile graphs in the stable sequence for communication topology and it is a generic for a stable sequence of any communication topology it uses the heuristic topology for routing so it improved throughput, better packet delivery ratio, decreased packet drop and reduced delay. STOD-RP: A Spectrum-Tree Based On-Demand Routing Protocol STOD-RP is an on-demand routing protocol which was designed for reduces the control overhead and average end-t-end delay minimization and it is an extension of the original Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol which uses spectrum tree addresses, spectrum decision and route selection in an efficient way for this route matrix is used. Fast and efficient spectrum-adaptive route recovery method is used when the path is damaged. In routing is challenging issues in cognitive networks and it is very challenging in mobile cognitive networks due to the node mobility primary user interface and spectrum scarcity this paper concludes that every protocol is designed for overcome certain problem in networks one is for multiple problems and one is for single problem like improving performance, minimized end-to-end delay, overall throughput increasing and so on. There is a for more protocols or improved versions of protocols for increasing problems and recruitments. In further work on this paper, a delay minimized routing protocol is proposed and implemented that improved version protocol in NS3 will be presented

Tsunami Disasters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Country Risk Ananlysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Country Risk Ananlysis - Research Paper Example Some risks can be diversified away through investing in portfolios of investments which diversify each other’s risk. The risk that can be diversified away is called diversifiable risk or unsystematic risk. On the other hand systematic risk cannot be diversified and is thus also called un-diversifiable risk. Economic and political risk is inherent risks of operating in a country. The economic risk is the risk that economy of that country would change for the worse. This change could be due to bad management or uncomprehend able natural causes, such as reduction in oil prices for a country which has oil as its primary export. Political risk on the other hand points towards the stability in the country. This is the risk that there would be political turmoil in a country which would result in loses on investment. The recent changes in the Arabian Peninsula are changing the shape of Arab politics for ever. There have been major political changes in countries like Egypt, Libya and S yria. These political changes would in due course of time bring positive changes in the region and contribute to the economic stability and wellbeing of local. However these changes have also created a sense and environment of uncertainty in the political environment of the region. There is confusion as to which country would be affected by this political upheaval next. Amongst this political turmoil lies a country of 1.7 million people known as Qatar. The State of Qatar is located in the Middle East and shares its borders with the Gulf and Saudi Arabia. The country is a monarchy controlled by the Al Thani family. Other monarchies in the region are threatened by political upheavals; Qatar is no different due to its political system. However Qatar is still a peaceful country and there have been no apparent signs of any political upheavals. One of the reasons is the sound economic situations of the country. The economy of Qatar is growing rapidly and is considered one of the fasted gr owing economies of the world. The nation has a per capita annual GDP of 97,000 dollars, which is one of the highest in the entire world. The nation is rich with oil and gas reserves. However instead of simply consuming these resources like many other Arab nations, Qatar has strived to build itself as a strong economic power through development of infrastructure and industry. The economic growth is stable due to a strong inflow of foreign capital due to oil exports. This stability plays a primary role in reducing the financial risk of the country. The purchasing power parity of Qatar according to CIA Fact-book is estimated to be $123 billion. This is an increase of approximately 20% from previous years. Due to a rick economy the locals are not an active part of the country’s workforce. However efforts are being made to bring about a change in this department. The main hindrance in these efforts is the availability of an excellent social welfare system, which allows people to l eave lives near 0 % present of poverty. This can be seen by the high per Capita GDP of Qatar which makes it one of the richest nations in the world. The country risk of Qatar has been defined as CRT-3. Risk tier 3 is defined as Developing legal environment, legal system and business environment with developing capital markets; developing insurance regulatory structure. This means that the country has very low economic risk. This low risk is due to the rapid growth of GDP

Hoop Dreams :: Hoop Dreams

Hoop Dreams  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Hoop Dreams is a story about two young men who want to become basketball players in the NBA. The author Ben Joravsky wrote the book. The idea for the book came from the documentary movie, Hoop Dreams, which is a true story. Arthur Agee and William Gates are the names of the two boys who were followed from eighth grade to twelve grade to do the movie. Arthur Agee was a 5'6 125 pound guard from the playgrounds of Chicago when St Joseph recruiters saw him. Arthur was playing against guy's three years older than he was and he was still the best in the neighborhood. Arthur's parents Bo and Sheila Agee were very poor people who were on cocaine and could not support their family. Big Earl, the guy who recruited Arthur told his family that St. Joe's would be able to pay Arthur's tuition if he played basketball for them. Arthur went to St. Joe's and met William Gates. They had become friends in grade school but had never really done anything together. Eventually William turned out to be the b etter player and all the attention and money was focused on him. Therefore, Arthur was booted out of St. Joe's in the middle of the school year. He was forced to enroll at Marshall, the area public school. As a result, Arthur could see his dreams of the NBA were slipping away. Along with that, he couldn't keep his grades up enough to attend a Division I school. He and the Marshall Commandos ended up going downstate Arthur's senior year. They finished third in the state overall. Arthur ended up going to a junior college named Mineral Area in Flat River Mississippi. After his two years in Mississippi, Arthur received a scholarship to Arkansas State. He finished his degree in communications and he graduated. Arthur never did reach his dream of going to the NBA, at least yet. As you can see, it takes a lot for an inner city boy to try and reach his dream, but most of the time it never happens. William Gates was also 14 when he was recruited to go to St. Joseph. He and Arthur both had to wake up around 5:30 every morning so they could get on the subway to make it to school in time.

Crash, Boom, Bang

Crash, Boom, Bang Janie Bunce Abstract The movie â€Å"Crash† was voted the best movie of 2005 for good reason, it deals with subjects that others were probably afraid to tackle. As the name implies it starts with a car crash, but in doing so reveals only one of the metaphors used in the movie. Other metaphors used in the movie allow us to view the culture shock that many people see on a daily basis, especially when dealing with different ethnicities, religions and races.Los Angeles is shown in its true colors where people live in a fast paced city where more than the cars move at a faster pace. These characters speed through their lives without notice of other people around them. It is as if some of them have blinders on that only allow them to see what they want to see. Until they â€Å"crash† into one each other. Crash is the kind of movie that makes you think twice about your actions, asking yourself tough questions, not just of yourself, but of those that are aroun d you; could I have said that differently?Was I acting racist? Do I discriminate against those I do not understand? This is the sort of movie that has us looking deep into ourselves to do some much needed soul-searching. Crash, Boom, Bang Paul Haggis directed â€Å"Crash† with an idea that it not only exposes multi-social, but multicultural differences in order to give us a small window into a few of the interactions and how these interactions, good or bad, affect behaviors and lives, in a relatively small group of individuals.We are allowed to see how this group deals with situations that may be considered to be racially stereotyped and outright prejudiced. Voted the best movie of 2005, by the Academy Awards, â€Å"Crash† as the title implies starts with a crash, but that is only one metaphor for the culture shock that many people have when they ‘crash’ into people from different races, religions, and ethnicities. The city of Los Angeles is shown as a fas t paced place where everything from the people involved in the first interaction to very last gasp of the movie, move faster.The characters seem to speed through their lives, almost unaware and certainly most times without considering the connections and consequences of their daily actions. This is a candid film it clearly shows how a diverse group of individuals when pushed into one another’s lives can leave painful scars in their wake. When you watch Crash you begin to see just how much of what one feels, says, and does can impact so many others around them. There were those however that were shocked by the material covered in it.It can be denied as much as anyone wants to deny it, but the movie is meant to be racist. It was made to make us think about our actions before we open our mouths and insert a foot into it. Some of the aspects in this movie are intended to remind us that no matter how we would like to think that America is a post-discrimination country, the sad tru th is that discrimination and prejudice are far from gone in America. Although this movie opened in 2005, we still have the same problems today.Young Black men are still being stereotyped, as are those of Islam and Latino heritage. Prejudice and discrimination are but two subjects that are covered in this movie. We see from the social stereotyping to the outright racism how painful it must have been for the actors to reach down into themselves and find the emotion needed to do their scenes and do them well enough to make us believe that they were real. Paul Haggis, allows us to see the different layers of the characters as if peeling an onion.Many of us may have pre-assumptions about people from different cultures and how we interact with those people, often under stressful situations. The movie for me was a re-affirmation that all people must be treated with respect at all times. After all it is not their fault that you may be having a bad day, or vice versa. Crash had and has the ability to draw large audiences of different ethnicities, bring them together in one room without fear of arguments. This is partly due to the undercurrents of unacknowledged racism that occurs in American life on an everyday basis.It is the kind of movie that can lead to some soul-searching from its lingering emotional potency. It remains one of the best movies I have even seen. I have always believed that the two most powerful characters in the movie are portrayed by Matt Dillon (Officer John Ryan) and Ryan Phillippe (Officer Tom Hansen). Officer Ryan is not only jaded and abusive, but a racist as well, this is later shown to be because of an ordinance passed by the city of Los Angeles. Officer John Ryan's father loses his business, because most of his employees were working minorities.From that one action we can determine the reason why John becomes a racist individual. This may also be the reason he blames minorities for the closure of his father’s business, thus influenc ing him to mistreat people of other races. This comes to light as Officers Ryan and Hansen pull over a vehicle that is only vaguely similar to the carjacked vehicle that the police are looking for. Officer Ryan mistakenly believes that it is a mixed couple, with the beautiful woman being white; he soon learns that the beautiful woman is in fact a light skinned black woman.The young couple in the vehicle can only wonder what is happening as they see the lights flashing signaling them to pull over. Their confusion turns to fear as Officer Ryan begins to harass them. Instead of speaking up and doing the right thing, Officer Tom Hansen looks on, says nothing to stop it and becomes more dismayed by his partner’s actions by the minute. Officer Ryan, realizing he is in control and that no one is going to stop him; he begins to enjoy his power trip as he roughly handles the slightly tipsy woman.As things progress he does almost everything to Mrs. Thayer except have sex with her as he checks her for weapons as her angered husband can only stand by and watch. Mrs. Thayer’s eyes beg her husband to do something, she sees the anger in his eyes but she also sees fear in his eyes as well. He feels helpless as he sees the fear in hers. These are two white men, two white police men that are in control, however badly, of the situation. He understands the consequences if he makes a move to assist his wife, at best he could be arrested, at worst killed.Another powerful example of poor judgment on Officer Ryan’s part is to never get into a relationship at work is shown when Officer Ryan goes to see Shaniqua Johnson in her office, and has an ulterior motive for seeing her, he wants to enter into a relationship but only to help himself and to possibly get a favor or two later on down the line. From what we have seen so far, we can safely say that Officer Ryan is used to getting his way, becoming angry when he does not, and having his way when it comes to the hav ing the balance of power.However, here we find Officer Ryan in a predicament where, a powerful woman, a powerful black woman, has the upper hand over Officer Ryan. He knows she welds the power as well as she knows who is in control of this situation. She likes being able to give orders and withhold what she knows he wants. It is her choice to make and he does not like it, he can see in her eyes and hear in her tone that this is a futile situation. When she tells him that she will not be able to help his father, he begins his other strategy.Pleading his father’s case and outlining what her actions might cost her in the end; she takes him by surprise and throws him out of her office without helping him. The last time we see Mrs. Thayer she is upside down in a car, having just had an accident and has found herself to be trapped in a vehicle that if she cannot get out of is going to explode and more than likely kill her. Officer Ryan comes upon the accident and calls in for help; meantime he has to get this woman out of the car. Mrs. Thayer recognizes him but the recognition is not mutual. Why this man? She wonders.Is he here just to molest me again? Will he even try to help me out or will he only taunt me as I die? As she begins to weigh the costs and possible benefits of this exchange and what is about to happen she is at once adamantly opposed, and rightly so, to being rescued by a person who, twenty-four hours earlier, had molested her smiling as he did it in from of her husband and not caring who he is as long as he helps her get out of that car. As we look further into this we can see that at first Ryan does not immediately understand why she is so reluctant for him to help her.Slowly recognition kicks in as he recognizes the woman. He does his best to calmly reassure her that he is here to help her that he is the only one here to help her, and the he will not harm her. Again he reassures her that he is only there to help save her and he does finally pull her from the wreckage. We then see as he holds her gently as he calms her that he is not entirely a bad man and that it is possible that his frustrations over not being able to help his father overcame him and turned him into a racist at least up until this point in his life.The most powerful scene that I felt was shown, happened between Officer Hansen and Peter Waters, for me it clearly showed that the balance of power was ambiguous for them both. In this scene we see Officer Hansen, a cop, although an off duty cop, and he feels he holds the balance of power. However Peter Waters does not know that the man he is speaking to is an officer of the law. He believes that he has been picked up by a regular Joe, not a member of the LAPD. It is made clear that Officer Hansen has sized up Peter and made his own observations based on the manner of dress or lack thereof considering the current weather conditions.Officer Hansen’s assessment allows him to correctly assume that this man was up to no good. However, what Officer Hansen does not correctly assess is that Peter is of no threat to his safety. Thinking that he is about to be threatened affects Officer Hansen’s judgment and he mistakenly assumes that Peter is pulling a gun, a tragic mistake that will affect Tom Hansen for the rest of his life. The action also affects Peter’s family as well, they have lost him forever and, in doing so the effect was that Peter, unarmed, was shot and killed.Officer Hansen’s decision was to shoot. But, why would he do that? Police officers are trained to observe minute situations, determine from those observations what their actions and reactions should be. Tom felt that this guy was a bad guy from his observations. If Peter Waters had been pulling a gun out of his pocket, as Officer Hansen mistakenly assumed, then he would definitely benefit the most by acting first. The cost of not acting first could mean death, or at the very least being injured.Re gardless, of the outcome, Officer Hansen correctly identified Peter as a criminal, but his misinterpretation of the situation cost him everything. Although the movie does not tell us what eventually happens to Officer Hansen, we can use our imagination, and assume that his life would have been be changed forever. References: http://academic. udayton. edu/race/01race/whiteness19. htm Crash, DVD, Catalog #17938, Lions Gate Entertainment, 2004, ApolloProScreen GmbH ; Co. http://www. crashfilm. com/ http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Crash_(2004_film) http://www. imdb. com/title/tt0375679/fullcredits#cast